Master Genetics: Online Quizzes for Twelfth Grade Science

Question 1

Which of the following principles is NOT part of Mendelian inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Law of Complete Dominance

Answer

Law of Segregation

Answer

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer

Law of Dominance

Question 2

What is the structural model of DNA?

Accepted Answer

Double helix

Answer

Single helix

Answer

Triple helix

Answer

Quadruple helix

Question 3

Which component is present in a nucleotide?

Accepted Answer

Adenine

Answer

Glucose

Answer

Amino acid

Answer

Fatty acid

Question 4

What is the function of RNA polymerase during gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Transcribes DNA into RNA

Answer

Translates RNA into protein

Answer

Replicates DNA

Answer

Repairs DNA damage

Question 5

What is a primary ethical concern associated with genetic engineering?

Accepted Answer

Unintended consequences on human health and the environment

Answer

Cost of treatment

Answer

Access to genetic information

Answer

Religious beliefs

Question 6

What is the primary purpose of using a Punnett square?

Accepted Answer

To predict the probability of offspring inheriting specific traits

Answer

To determine the genotype of an individual

Answer

To identify mutations in a gene

Answer

To amplify DNA

Question 7

What is the role of helicase during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Unwinds the DNA double helix, allowing access to the genetic information

Answer

Synthesizes new DNA strands using free nucleotides

Answer

Proofreads the newly synthesized DNA strands to ensure accuracy

Answer

Joins the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during replication

Question 8

According to Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment, what occurs during gamete formation?

Accepted Answer

Alleles of different genes separate independently

Answer

Alleles of the same gene separate independently

Answer

Genotypes of different genes are inherited independently

Answer

Phenotypes of different genes are inherited independently

Question 9

What is the key difference between a heterozygous and a homozygous genotype?

Accepted Answer

Homozygous individuals have two identical alleles, while heterozygous individuals have two different alleles.

Answer

Heterozygous individuals have two identical alleles, while homozygous individuals have two different alleles.

Answer

Heterozygous individuals have one dominant allele and one recessive allele, while homozygous individuals have two dominant alleles.

Answer

Homozygous individuals have one dominant allele and one recessive allele, while heterozygous individuals have two recessive alleles.

Question 10

Which characteristic is associated with a dominant allele?

Accepted Answer

Always expressed in the phenotype

Answer

Only expressed in the homozygous state

Answer

Masked by a recessive allele

Answer

Inherited from both parents

Question 11

According to Mendel's Law of Segregation, what occurs during gamete formation?

Accepted Answer

Alleles of each gene separate independently and randomly.

Answer

Alleles of each gene remain together.

Answer

Alleles duplicate and segregate independently.

Answer

Alleles are lost and new alleles are created.

Question 12

What does a genotype refer to?

Accepted Answer

The genetic makeup of an individual.

Answer

The observable characteristics of an individual.

Answer

The environment in which an individual lives.

Answer

The behavior of an individual.

Question 13

What does genetic engineering involve?

Accepted Answer

Altering the genetic material of an organism.

Answer

Creating new species of organisms.

Answer

Curing all diseases.

Answer

Preventing genetic disorders.

Question 14

Who is widely recognized as the pioneering scientist who laid the foundation for our understanding of genetics through his experiments with pea plants?

Accepted Answer

Gregor Mendel

Answer

Charles Darwin

Answer

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Answer

James Watson

Question 15

What term describes the observable characteristics of an organism that result from the expression of its genes?

Accepted Answer

Phenotype

Answer

Dominant

Answer

Recessive

Answer

Genotype

Question 16

What is the process by which scientists introduce new genetic material into an organism, enabling the expression of specific traits?

Accepted Answer

Genetic engineering

Answer

Gene cloning

Answer

Gel electrophoresis

Answer

Mutation

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of a dominant allele that masks the expression of a recessive allele?

Accepted Answer

Brown eyes

Answer

Straight hair

Answer

Recessive trait

Answer

Co-dominant allele

Question 18

What is the primary function of RNA in the process of protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

Answer

Assemble amino acids into proteins

Answer

Stores genetic material

Answer

Regulates gene expression

Question 19

Which of the following techniques separates and analyzes fragments of DNA based on their size and electrical charge?

Accepted Answer

Gel electrophoresis

Answer

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

Answer

Sanger sequencing

Answer

DNA hybridization

Question 20

The fundamental unit of heredity is the:

Accepted Answer

Gene

Answer

Chromosome

Answer

Allele

Answer

Nucleotide

Question 21

According to Mendel's law of segregation, alleles for a specific trait:

Accepted Answer

Are separated during the formation of gametes.

Answer

Are consistently dominant over recessive alleles.

Answer

Are inherited autonomously from each other.

Answer

Always produce heterozygous offspring.

Question 22

The type of nucleic acid responsible for storing genetic information is:

Accepted Answer

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Answer

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Answer

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer

Micro RNA (miRNA)

Question 23

The process by which DNA is duplicated before cell division is known as:

Accepted Answer

Replication

Answer

Transcription

Answer

Translation

Answer

Mutation

Question 24

The function of a promoter in gene regulation is to:

Accepted Answer

Initiate transcription

Answer

Terminate transcription

Answer

Code for a specific protein

Answer

Regulate the pace of translation

Question 25

The difference between a genotype and a phenotype is that:

Accepted Answer

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup, while phenotype refers to the observable traits.

Answer

Phenotype refers to the genetic makeup, while genotype refers to the observable traits.

Answer

They are essentially the same thing.

Answer

Genotype is dominant, while phenotype is recessive.

Question 26

Which of the following is **NOT** a principle of Mendelian inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Law of Incomplete Dominance

Answer

Law of Segregation

Answer

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer

Law of Co-Dominance

Question 27

A cross between a heterozygous dominant allele carrier and a homozygous recessive allele carrier will produce:

Accepted Answer

50% heterozygous dominant and 50% homozygous recessive offspring

Answer

All homozygous dominant offspring

Answer

All heterozygous dominant offspring

Answer

All homozygous recessive offspring

Question 28

The process by which DNA makes RNA is known as:

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Answer

Replication

Answer

Translation

Answer

Mutation

Question 29

In the context of forensic science, what information can be obtained by comparing DNA samples recovered from a crime scene with that of a suspect?

Accepted Answer

Identity of the suspect and potential familial relations

Answer

Physical characteristics of the suspect, such as eye or hair color

Answer

Number of offspring the suspect may have

Question 30

In a Mendelian inheritance pattern, what is the probability of producing offspring with the recessive trait if both parents are carriers (heterozygous) for that trait?

Accepted Answer

25%

Answer

0%

Answer

50%

Answer

100%

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a nitrogenous base found in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Uracil

Answer

Adenine

Answer

Thymine

Answer

Guanine

Question 32

The order of amino acids in a protein is primarily determined by:

Accepted Answer

The sequence of nucleotides in DNA

Answer

The sequence of nucleotides in RNA

Answer

The shape of the DNA molecule

Answer

Environmental factors

Question 33

Which characteristic is considered a phenotypic trait?

Accepted Answer

Eye color

Answer

Genotype

Answer

Allele frequency

Answer

Dominance

Question 34

A cross between two heterozygous individuals for a single gene will result in:

Accepted Answer

A 1:2:1 ratio of homozygous dominant:heterozygous:homozygous recessive offspring

Answer

A 3:1 ratio of homozygous dominant:heterozygous offspring

Answer

A 1:1 ratio of homozygous dominant:homozygous recessive offspring

Answer

All offspring being homozygous

Question 35

The Human Genome Project was significant because it:

Accepted Answer

Provided a complete sequence of the human genome

Answer

Identified all genes responsible for genetic diseases

Answer

Developed new gene editing techniques

Answer

Cured cancer

Question 36

The process by which genetic information is passed down from one generation to the next is known as:

Accepted Answer

Heredity

Answer

Reproduction

Answer

Mutation

Answer

Adaptation

Question 37

The fundamental unit of heredity, carrying genetic information, is the:

Accepted Answer

Gene

Answer

Chromosome

Answer

Nucleotide

Answer

Protein

Question 38

Gregor Mendel, known as the 'Father of Genetics', made significant contributions to the understanding of:

Accepted Answer

Inheritance patterns

Answer

DNA structure

Answer

Genetic engineering

Answer

Evolutionary theory

Question 39

Which nitrogenous base is NOT a component of DNA?

Accepted Answer

Uracil

Answer

Adenine

Answer

Guanine

Answer

Cytosine

Question 40

The process by which DNA creates an identical copy of itself is known as:

Accepted Answer

Replication

Answer

Transcription

Answer

Translation

Answer

Mutation

Question 41

In genetics, a dominant allele is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Always being expressed, even if paired with a recessive allele

Answer

Only being expressed when paired with another dominant allele

Answer

Only being expressed when paired with a recessive allele

Answer

Never being expressed

Question 42

The technology that allows scientists to determine the sequence of all DNA nucleotides in the human genome is known as:

Accepted Answer

Genome sequencing

Answer

PCR

Answer

DNA fingerprinting

Answer

Gene cloning

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Mendelian inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Continuous variation without blending

Answer

Discrete traits

Answer

Independent assortment

Answer

Dominant and recessive alleles

Question 44

What is the base sequence of a DNA molecule?

Accepted Answer

Adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T)

Answer

Adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U)

Question 45

Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding DNA during replication?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Answer

Polymerase

Answer

Ligase

Answer

Primase

Question 46

Which of the following is an example of a sex-linked trait?

Accepted Answer

Hemophilia

Answer

Cystic fibrosis

Answer

Down syndrome

Answer

Huntington's disease

Question 47

What is the primary role of a genetic counselor?

Accepted Answer

Provide information and support to individuals and families affected by genetic conditions

Answer

Conduct genetic tests and analyze results

Question 48

Which of the following is the fundamental unit of heredity that carries genetic information?

Accepted Answer

Gene

Answer

Allele

Answer

Chromosome

Answer

Nucleotide

Question 49

According to Mendel's first law, during gamete formation, alleles of different genes:

Accepted Answer

Assort independently of each other.

Answer

May interact with each other.

Answer

Always segregate together.

Answer

Are expressed together as a dominant trait.

Question 50

Which nitrogenous base differentiates DNA from RNA?

Accepted Answer

Thymine

Answer

Adenine

Answer

Guanine

Answer

Cytosine

Question 51

What is the term for the precise duplication of a DNA molecule?

Accepted Answer

Replication

Answer

Transcription

Answer

Mutation

Answer

Translation

Question 52

Which type of mutation involves a change in the number of base pairs in a DNA sequence?

Accepted Answer

Insertion or deletion

Answer

Substitution

Answer

Duplication

Answer

Inversion

Question 53

What is the name of the protein that condenses and organizes DNA into compact structures within eukaryotic chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

Histone

Answer

Centromere

Answer

Helicase

Answer

Telomere

Question 54

Which process converts the genetic information encoded in mRNA into a specific sequence of amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Translation

Answer

Replication

Answer

Mutation

Answer

Transcription

Question 55

Which of the following is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a single gene?

Accepted Answer

Cystic fibrosis

Answer

Influenza

Answer

Malaria

Answer

Arthritis