Neuroimaging Techniques: Explore Brain Imaging Methods in Biological Psychology

Question 1

How can different choices in preprocessing and analysis pipelines impact the interpretation of neuroimaging data in a research study?

Accepted Answer

Variations in pipelines can lead to differences in neuroimaging results, affecting their interpretation.

Answer

Preprocessing and analysis pipelines have no significant impact on neuroimaging results.

Answer

Computational efficiency should be the main factor when choosing a pipeline.

Question 2

How do ethical considerations in neuroimaging research vary across different cultural contexts?

Accepted Answer

Researchers should consider the cultural values and beliefs of the host country when conducting neuroimaging research.

Answer

Ethical principles are universally applicable, regardless of cultural context.

Answer

Informed consent is not required in cultures that emphasize collectivism.

Answer

Cultural sensitivity is only relevant when conducting neuroimaging research in non-Western societies.

Question 3

How have neuroimaging techniques transformed our understanding of mental disorders?

Accepted Answer

Neuroimaging techniques have revolutionized our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying mental disorders.

Answer

Neuroimaging techniques have limited utility in studying mental disorders due to the brain's complexity.

Answer

Neuroimaging techniques can pinpoint the exact brain regions responsible for a specific mental disorder.

Answer

Neuroimaging techniques are only useful for diagnosing mental disorders but cannot provide any information about their treatment.

Question 4

Explain the fundamental principles of diffusion MRI and describe how it aids researchers in studying the brain's structural connectivity.

Accepted Answer

Diffusion MRI infers the integrity and direction of white matter tracts by measuring water molecule diffusion in brain tissue.

Answer

Diffusion MRI employs magnetic fields to create brain images that depict structural connectivity.

Answer

Diffusion MRI is a type of functional MRI used to investigate brain region activation during cognitive tasks.

Question 5

What is the main benefit of combining different neuroimaging techniques in multimodal neuroimaging?

Accepted Answer

It provides a more complete picture of brain activity and function.

Answer

It focuses solely on studying brain structure.

Answer

It guarantees more accurate results than single-modality techniques.

Answer

It eliminates all ethical concerns.

Question 6

Which neuroimaging technique utilizes the measurement of alterations in cerebral blood flow?

Accepted Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Question 7

What constitutes the primary limitation associated with TMS?

Accepted Answer

Inadequate spatial resolution

Answer

Invasive nature

Answer

High financial cost

Answer

Ethical concerns

Question 8

Which neuroimaging technique is most suitable for studying the structural connectivity of the brain?

Accepted Answer

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Answer

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

Question 9

What is the primary purpose of image registration in neuroimaging?

Accepted Answer

Aligning images from multiple modalities

Answer

Correcting for motion artifacts

Answer

Removing noise from images

Answer

Segmenting brain regions

Question 10

Which neuroimaging technique relies on magnetic fields to measure changes in blood flow in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Question 11

What neuroimaging technique utilizes electrodes placed on the scalp to measure electrical activity in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Question 12

Which neuroimaging technique employs a radioactive tracer injected into the bloodstream to map glucose metabolism in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Question 13

Which neuroimaging technique is commonly employed to study brain activity at rest?

Accepted Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Question 14

What is a major advantage of MEG over EEG?

Accepted Answer

Enhanced spatial resolution

Answer

Improved temporal resolution

Answer

Non-invasiveness

Answer

Lower cost

Question 15

Which neuroimaging technique measures changes in cerebral blood flow?

Accepted Answer

fMRI

Answer

EEG

Answer

PET scan

Question 16

Which neuroimaging technique uses radioactive tracers to visualize brain metabolism?

Accepted Answer

PET scan

Answer

fMRI

Answer

MEG

Question 17

How does fMRI detect changes in cerebral blood flow?

Accepted Answer

Detecting magnetic field variations

Answer

Measuring electrical impulses

Answer

Using radioactive tracers

Question 18

How can EEG contribute to diagnosing epilepsy?

Accepted Answer

By recording abnormal patterns of electrical activity

Answer

By measuring cerebral blood flow changes

Answer

By visualizing brain structures

Question 19

What differentiates structural and functional neuroimaging techniques?

Accepted Answer

Structural imaging reveals brain structures, while functional imaging shows brain activity

Answer

Functional imaging reveals brain structures, while structural imaging shows brain activity

Answer

They provide identical information

Question 20

Which neuroimaging technique is optimal for monitoring brain activity over extended periods?

Accepted Answer

EEG

Answer

fMRI

Answer

PET scan

Question 21

Which neuroimaging technique is commonly used to measure the brain's hemodynamic response to neural activity?

Accepted Answer

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Answer

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Question 22

What type of brainwave pattern is associated with deep sleep?

Accepted Answer

Delta waves

Answer

Alpha waves

Answer

Beta waves

Answer

Theta waves

Question 23

Which radioactive tracer is commonly used in PET scans to measure glucose metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)

Answer

Iodine-123

Answer

Technetium-99m

Answer

Gallium-68

Question 24

Which brain region is associated with processing visual information?

Accepted Answer

Occipital lobe

Answer

Frontal lobe

Answer

Temporal lobe

Answer

Parietal lobe

Question 25

What is the primary advantage of structural neuroimaging techniques over functional neuroimaging techniques?

Accepted Answer

Enhanced spatial resolution

Answer

Lower cost

Answer

Non-invasive nature

Answer

Ability to measure brain activity in real-time

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a limitation of PET scans?

Accepted Answer

Invasive nature

Answer

High cost

Answer

Low spatial resolution

Answer

Need for radioactive tracers

Question 27

Which neuroimaging technique measures electrical brain activity directly?

Accepted Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Answer

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Answer

Computed Tomography (CT)

Question 28

Which neuroimaging technique uses blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) contrast to measure changes in brain activity?

Accepted Answer

fMRI

Answer

EEG

Answer

PET scan

Answer

MEG

Question 29

Which neuroimaging technique utilizes radioactive tracers to map metabolic activity in the brain?

Accepted Answer

PET scan

Answer

fMRI

Answer

EEG

Answer

MEG

Question 30

Which neuroimaging technique is best suited for studying brain connectivity, including white matter fiber tracts?

Accepted Answer

DTI

Answer

fMRI

Answer

EEG

Answer

MEG

Question 31

Which neuroimaging technique provides high spatial resolution, allowing for detailed anatomical visualization of the brain?

Accepted Answer

MRI

Answer

fMRI

Answer

EEG

Answer

PET scan

Question 32

Which neuroimaging technique is commonly used to study brain function in real-time?

Accepted Answer

EEG

Answer

fMRI

Answer

PET scan

Answer

MEG

Question 33

What type of contrast agent is commonly used in MRI to enhance the visualization of certain brain structures?

Accepted Answer

Gadolinium

Answer

Iodine

Answer

Barium

Answer

Ultrasound gel

Question 34

Which neuroimaging technique is least likely to cause discomfort or anxiety in participants?

Accepted Answer

EEG

Answer

fMRI

Answer

PET scan

Answer

MEG

Question 35

Which neuroimaging technique is primarily used to study brain metabolism and neurochemical processes?

Accepted Answer

PET scan

Answer

fMRI

Answer

EEG

Answer

MEG

Question 36

Which neuroimaging technique primarily measures changes in blood flow in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Question 37

Which technique records electrical activity in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Answer

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Question 38

Which neuroimaging technique utilizes radioactive tracer substances to measure brain activity?

Accepted Answer

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Answer

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Answer

Computed Tomography (CT)

Question 39

Which advantage does EEG offer over fMRI?

Accepted Answer

Higher temporal resolution

Answer

Greater spatial resolution

Answer

Non-invasiveness

Question 40

What is the primary role of contrast agents in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)?

Accepted Answer

To enhance the signal-to-noise ratio in specific brain regions, allowing for better detection of neural activity

Answer

To track the flow of blood in the brain, providing information about brain circulation

Answer

To highlight structural abnormalities in the brain, such as tumors or lesions

Question 41

Which neuroimaging technique measures brain activity indirectly by detecting changes in blood flow?

Accepted Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Question 42

Which neuroimaging technique utilizes radioactive tracers to measure brain metabolism and activity?

Accepted Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer

Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Question 43

What is a key advantage of using fMRI over other neuroimaging methods, such as EEG or PET?

Accepted Answer

Non-invasiveness, as it does not require surgery or the use of radioactive substances

Answer

Higher spatial resolution, allowing for more precise localization of brain activity

Answer

Higher temporal resolution, enabling the detection of rapid changes in brain signals

Question 44

Which technique is primarily used to study the electrical activity of individual neurons, providing highly detailed information about neuronal firing patterns?

Accepted Answer

Single-cell recording

Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Question 45

Which neuroimaging technique measures fluctuations in blood flow to specific brain areas?

Accepted Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Question 46

Which neuroimaging technique utilizes magnetic fields to detect changes in neural activity?

Accepted Answer

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

Answer

EEG (electroencephalography)

Answer

PET (positron emission tomography)

Question 47

Which neuroimaging technique measures the electrical activity of the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp?

Accepted Answer

EEG (electroencephalography)

Answer

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

Answer

PET (positron emission tomography)

Question 48

Which neuroimaging technique involves injecting a radioactive tracer into the bloodstream to measure glucose metabolism in the brain?

Accepted Answer

PET (positron emission tomography)

Answer

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

Answer

EEG (electroencephalography)

Question 49

What is a key advantage of fMRI over EEG?

Accepted Answer

Higher spatial resolution, allowing for more precise localization of brain activity

Answer

Better temporal resolution, allowing for the study of rapid brain processes

Answer

Lower cost, making it more accessible for research and clinical settings

Question 50

Which neuroimaging technique is best suited for studying brain activity in real time?

Accepted Answer

EEG (electroencephalography)

Answer

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

Answer

PET (positron emission tomography)

Question 51

What is a significant disadvantage of using EEG to measure brain activity?

Accepted Answer

Poor spatial resolution, making it challenging to localize brain activity precisely

Answer

High cost, limiting its accessibility for research and clinical use

Answer

Invasive procedure, requiring the implantation of electrodes into the brain

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT an ethical concern when using neuroimaging techniques?

Accepted Answer

Using data from neuroimaging studies for commercial purposes without participant consent

Answer

Obtaining informed consent from participants prior to research studies

Answer

Protecting the privacy of participants' brain imaging data

Question 53

How do cultural factors influence neuroimaging research? Consider how cultural experiences and backgrounds can affect brain structure, activity, and behavior.

Accepted Answer

Cultural influences can shape brain organization and function.

Answer

Cultural factors have minimal impact on neuroimaging results.

Answer

Cultural considerations are only important in studies comparing different cultures.

Answer

Neuroimaging research should prioritize finding universal brain patterns.

Question 54

In what way do neuroimaging techniques enhance our understanding of the relationship between brain activity and behavior?

Accepted Answer

By identifying brain areas associated with specific cognitive processes

Answer

By providing a comprehensive representation of all brain activity

Answer

By quantifying the precise amount of neurotransmitters released

Question 55

In neuroimaging data analysis, the primary factor guiding the selection of a statistical method is:

Accepted Answer

Research question being explored

Answer

Imaging technique employed

Answer

Availability of statistical software

Answer

Sample size of the study

Question 56

Which neuroimaging technique detects changes in blood flow as an indirect measure of brain activity?

Accepted Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Question 57

What type of neural activity does EEG primarily measure?

Accepted Answer

Electrical activity within the brain

Answer

Blood flow within the brain

Answer

Neurotransmitter levels within the brain

Question 58

Which neuroimaging technique utilizes radioactive tracers to map brain activity?

Accepted Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Question 59

Which of the following is a key advantage of fMRI over EEG?

Accepted Answer

Higher spatial resolution

Answer

Less invasive

Answer

Greater accuracy

Answer

Faster temporal resolution

Question 60

What is a critical ethical concern when conducting neuroimaging research?

Accepted Answer

Safeguarding privacy and confidentiality of brain data

Answer

Minimizing physical harm to participants

Answer

Preventing addiction to neuroimaging procedures

Answer

Protecting participants from psychological distress

Question 61

Which neuroimaging technique enables real-time monitoring of brain activity?

Accepted Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Question 62

What is a major limitation of PET scans?

Accepted Answer

Limited availability of appropriate radioactive tracers

Answer

High cost of the procedure

Answer

Invasive nature of the technique

Answer

Poor spatial resolution compared to other techniques

Question 63

Which neuroimaging technique is primarily used to obtain detailed anatomical images of the brain?

Accepted Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Question 64

What is the key difference between T1-weighted and T2-weighted MRI scans?

Accepted Answer

T1-weighted scans provide better anatomical detail, while T2-weighted scans provide better soft tissue contrast

Answer

T1-weighted scans are more expensive than T2-weighted scans