Common Endocrine Diseases: Online Quizzes for Medical Students

Question 1

A 55-year-old female presents with classic symptoms of diabetes, including frequent urination, excessive thirst, and increased hunger. Her fasting blood sugar level is 220 mg/dL. What is the most probable cause of her symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Type 2 diabetes

Answer

Type 1 diabetes

Answer

Gestational diabetes

Answer

Addison's disease

Question 2

Which type of diabetes is the most prevalent, accounting for approximately 90-95% of cases?

Accepted Answer

Type 2 diabetes

Answer

Type 1 diabetes

Answer

Gestational diabetes

Answer

Monogenic diabetes

Question 3

In Addison's disease, which hormone is primarily deficient, leading to characteristic symptoms such as weakness, fatigue, and weight loss?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Thyroid hormone

Question 4

Which of the following is a hallmark clinical sign of Cushing's syndrome, resulting from excessive cortisol levels?

Accepted Answer

Thin, fragile skin

Answer

Weight loss

Answer

Polyuria

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Question 5

Which underlying condition is most commonly associated with the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Chronic kidney disease

Answer

Vitamin D deficiency

Answer

Malnutrition

Answer

Hypocalcemia

Question 6

Which medication is commonly used as first-line therapy for hyperthyroidism, acting to inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Propylthiouracil

Answer

Levothyroxine

Answer

Metformin

Answer

Liothyronine

Question 7

For initial screening of thyroid function, which laboratory test is recommended as the most sensitive and specific indicator of thyroid status?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer

Free thyroxine (T4)

Answer

Thyroid peroxidase antibodies

Answer

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Question 8

Which electrolyte imbalance is a potential complication of hypoparathyroidism, characterized by decreased parathyroid hormone levels?

Accepted Answer

Hypocalcemia

Answer

Hypercalcemia

Answer

Hyperkalemia

Question 9

Which potentially life-threatening complication can arise from untreated Graves' disease, characterized by a severe exacerbation of thyrotoxicosis?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid storm

Answer

Hypothyroidism

Answer

Heart failure

Answer

Myxedema coma

Question 10

What is the most __prevalent__ type of thyroid disorder?

Accepted Answer

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Answer

Graves' disease

Answer

Goiter

Answer

Thyroid cancer

Question 11

Which hormone is __primarily responsible__ for regulating blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Somatotropin

Answer

Thyroxine

Question 12

What is the __preferred__ imaging modality for evaluating the adrenal glands?

Accepted Answer

Computed tomography (CT)

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

X-ray

Question 13

Which hormone, produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates the body's stress response and blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Answer

Thyroid hormone

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Adrenaline

Question 14

Which type of thyroiditis is primarily caused by an autoimmune reaction, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis)

Answer

Acute thyroiditis

Answer

Subacute thyroiditis

Answer

Postpartum thyroiditis

Question 15

Which of the following is the most prevalent endocrine disorder worldwide?

Accepted Answer

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer

Thyroid disorders

Answer

Cushing's syndrome

Answer

Addison's disease

Question 16

Identify the hormone primarily responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels within a narrow range.

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Answer

Thyrotropin

Question 17

What is the predominant cause of type 1 diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells

Answer

Insulin resistance

Answer

Chronic pancreatitis

Answer

Obesity

Question 18

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with hyperthyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Constipation

Answer

Rapid heart rate

Answer

Weight loss

Answer

Enlarged thyroid gland

Question 19

Which diagnostic test is considered the initial step in evaluating a patient with suspected diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Fasting plasma glucose

Answer

Oral glucose tolerance test

Answer

Glycated hemoglobin A1c

Answer

Random blood glucose

Question 20

What is the primary aim of insulin therapy in the management of diabetes?

Accepted Answer

To maintain normoglycemia

Answer

To prevent episodes of hypoglycemia

Answer

To promote weight gain

Answer

To reduce insulin resistance

Question 21

Which potential complication is associated with inadequately treated hypothyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Myxedema coma

Answer

Heart failure

Answer

Subfertility

Answer

Hypertension

Question 22

Which hormone deficiency causes impaired water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to excessive urination (polyuria) and dehydration?

Accepted Answer

Vasopressin

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Parathyroid hormone

Question 23

A 30-year-old female presents with recurrent episodes of severe headaches, sweating, palpitations, and high blood pressure. Plasma metanephrines are elevated. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Pheochromocytoma

Answer

Cushing's syndrome

Answer

Neuroblastoma

Answer

Carcinoid syndrome

Question 24

Which tumor type is the primary cause of acromegaly, a condition characterized by excessive growth hormone secretion?

Accepted Answer

Pituitary adenoma

Answer

Adrenal adenoma

Answer

Pancreatic islet cell tumor

Answer

Pheochromocytoma

Question 25

A person with type 1 diabetes may experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Polyuria (increased urination)

Answer

Insulin resistance

Answer

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Answer

Hirsutism (excessive body hair in women)

Question 26

What is the most common cause of primary hyperthyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Graves' disease

Answer

Toxic adenoma

Answer

Pituitary adenoma

Answer

Iodine deficiency

Question 27

Which hormone is primarily produced by the adrenal medulla?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Cortisol

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Thyroid hormone

Question 28

Which type of pituitary tumor can lead to acromegaly?

Accepted Answer

Somatotropinoma

Answer

Prolactinoma

Answer

Cushing's adenoma

Answer

Thyrotropinoma

Question 29

What is the initial treatment of choice for Graves' disease?

Accepted Answer

Antithyroid medications

Answer

Radioactive iodine therapy

Answer

Surgery

Answer

Metformin

Question 30

Which laboratory test is primarily used to diagnose hypothyroidism?

Accepted Answer

TSH

Answer

Free T4

Answer

ACTH

Answer

Prolactin

Question 31

Which of the following is a characteristic clinical feature of Addison's disease?

Accepted Answer

Hyperpigmentation, hypotension, and electrolyte imbalance

Answer

Weight gain, polyuria, and polydipsia

Answer

Anxiety, palpitations, and tremors

Answer

Osteoporosis, muscle weakness, and mood changes

Question 32

What is the primary objective of medical management in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Accepted Answer

Correcting fluid and electrolyte imbalances

Answer

Administering insulin

Answer

Lowering blood glucose levels

Answer

Preventing complications

Question 33

Which hormone primarily regulates blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Answer

Estrogen

Answer

Testosterone

Answer

Thyroid hormone

Question 34

Graves' disease is a disorder characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Hyperthyroidism

Answer

Hypothyroidism

Answer

Goiter

Answer

Thyroiditis

Question 35

The initial treatment for hyperthyroidism typically involves:

Accepted Answer

Anti-thyroid medication

Answer

Radioactive iodine

Answer

Surgery

Answer

Thyroid hormone replacement

Question 36

Which of the following is a common symptom associated with hypothyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Weight gain

Answer

Sweating

Answer

Increased energy

Answer

Fast heart rate

Question 37

Which hormone stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol?

Accepted Answer

ACTH

Answer

TSH

Answer

LH

Answer

FSH

Question 38

A hallmark physical sign of acromegaly is:

Accepted Answer

Enlarged hands and feet

Answer

Weight loss

Answer

Increased appetite

Answer

Headaches

Question 39

Describe the pathophysiology of Cushing's disease, including its clinical manifestations, potential complications, and treatment options.

Accepted Answer

Cushing's disease is caused by a pituitary adenoma secreting ACTH, leading to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia and hypercortisolism. Clinical features include truncal obesity, moon facies, easy bruising, and impaired glucose tolerance. Complications may include cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and increased susceptibility to infections. Treatment involves surgical resection of the pituitary adenoma, radiation therapy, or medical management with medications like ketoconazole.

Answer

Cushing's disease is caused by an overactive adrenal gland producing excessive cortisol, leading to weight gain, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the adrenal gland.

Answer

Cushing's disease is a condition where the body produces too much cortisol, causing weight gain, fatigue, and high blood pressure. Treatment typically involves medication to reduce cortisol levels.

Answer

Cushing's disease is a rare condition affecting women more than men, causing weight gain, muscle weakness, and high blood pressure. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, or medication.

Question 40

What laboratory finding is most specific for diagnosing primary hyperparathyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Elevated intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH)

Answer

Low calcium levels (hypocalcemia)

Answer

High calcium levels (hypercalcemia)

Answer

Low magnesium levels (hypomagnesemia)

Question 41

Which of the following is a hallmark symptom of diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Polyuria (excessive urination)

Answer

Jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes)

Answer

Bradycardia (slow heart rate)

Answer

Hyperthermia (elevated body temperature)

Question 42

What is the leading cause of primary hypothyroidism globally?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis)

Answer

Thyroid surgery

Answer

Radiation exposure

Answer

Iodine deficiency

Question 43

Which hormone plays a crucial role in regulating glucose homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Answer

Growth hormone

Answer

Thyroid hormone

Question 44

Which imaging technique is the preferred method for visualizing the pituitary gland and its surrounding structures?

Accepted Answer

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Answer

Computed Tomography (CT) scan

Answer

Ultrasound

Question 45

Which of the following is a potential long-term complication of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Retinopathy (damage to the blood vessels in the retina)

Answer

Arthritis

Answer

Depression

Answer

Asthma

Question 46

Within the endocrine system, what is the primary function of the hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

It regulates hormone secretion from the pituitary gland.

Answer

It stores hormones for future release.

Answer

It produces hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Question 47

In the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism, what is the most common underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Chronic kidney disease

Answer

Vitamin D deficiency

Answer

Addison's disease

Answer

Hyperthyroidism

Question 48

A 28-year-old female presents with fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and constipation. Her TSH levels are elevated, and her free T4 is low. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Hypothyroidism

Answer

Diabetes mellitus

Answer

Hyperthyroidism

Answer

Cushing's syndrome

Question 49

A 55-year-old male presents with polyuria, polydipsia, unexplained weight loss, and fatigue. His blood glucose is elevated. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Answer

Hyperparathyroidism

Answer

Cushing's syndrome

Answer

Hypothyroidism

Question 50

A 32-year-old female presents with a goiter, tachycardia, heat intolerance, and weight loss. Her TSH levels are suppressed, and her free T4 is elevated. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Graves' disease

Answer

Addison's disease

Answer

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Answer

Myxedema coma

Question 51

A 40-year-old male presents with truncal obesity, moon facies, hypertension, and acne. His cortisol levels are elevated. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Cushing's syndrome

Answer

Addison's disease

Answer

Acromegaly

Question 52

Which of the following is a common complication of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Diabetic retinopathy

Answer

Hyperparathyroidism

Answer

Hypothyroidism

Answer

Osteoporosis

Question 53

A 25-year-old female presents with fatigue, weakness, weight loss, hypotension, and hyperpigmentation of the skin. She has a history of autoimmune disease. Her cortisol levels are low. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Addison's disease

Answer

Hypothyroidism

Answer

Hyperthyroidism

Answer

Cushing's syndrome

Question 54

Which of the following medications is commonly used as a first-line agent to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Metformin

Answer

Levothyroxine

Answer

Prednisone

Answer

Hydrochlorothiazide

Question 55

A 60-year-old male presents with hypercalcemia, polyuria, polydipsia, constipation, and fatigue. His parathyroid hormone levels are elevated. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Hyperparathyroidism

Answer

Hypoparathyroidism

Answer

Hypothyroidism

Question 56

A 20-year-old female presents with polydipsia, polyuria, unexplained weight loss, and fatigue. Her blood glucose is normal, but her urine osmolality is low. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes insipidus

Answer

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Answer

Cushing's syndrome

Answer

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Question 57

Which of the following is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Answer

Congenital hypothyroidism

Answer

Iodine deficiency

Answer

Graves' disease