Neurological Disorders: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Question 1

What is the most common early sign of Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Memory loss

Answer

Tremors

Answer

Muscle rigidity

Answer

Slurred speech

Question 2

Among the different types of stroke, which one occurs most frequently?

Accepted Answer

Ischemic stroke

Answer

Hemorrhagic stroke

Answer

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Answer

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Question 3

How do inherited genetic variations influence the development of Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Genetic variations can identify individuals at risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.

Answer

Genetic variations have no role in Alzheimer's disease development.

Answer

Genetic variations can confirm an Alzheimer's disease diagnosis.

Answer

Genetic variations can guide personalized treatment for Alzheimer's disease.

Question 4

Discuss the significant economic burden of stroke, emphasizing its impact on individuals, families, and healthcare systems.

Accepted Answer

Stroke has a substantial economic impact on individuals, families, and healthcare systems.

Answer

The economic burden of stroke is relatively minor.

Answer

Stroke primarily impacts healthcare systems, with minimal effects on individuals and families.

Question 5

Which type of stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is blocked by a clot or narrowing of an artery?

Accepted Answer

Ischemic stroke

Answer

Hemorrhagic stroke

Answer

Transient ischemic attack

Answer

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Question 6

What is the primary pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Extracellular accumulation of amyloid-beta plaques

Answer

Intracellular accumulation of tau tangles

Answer

Inflammation and oxidative stress

Answer

Genetic predisposition

Question 7

What is the recommended first-line treatment for patients experiencing an acute ischemic stroke?

Accepted Answer

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

Answer

Aspirin

Answer

Statin therapy

Answer

Carotid endarterectomy

Question 8

Which genetic factor has been strongly associated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

APOE4 allele

Answer

BRCA1 mutation

Answer

Huntington's disease gene

Answer

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutation

Question 9

Which condition shares similar symptoms with Parkinson's disease but is a distinct clinical entity?

Accepted Answer

Essential tremor

Answer

Dystonia

Answer

Multiple sclerosis

Answer

Huntington's disease

Question 10

Which of the following is the most common cause of Parkinsonism that is not idiopathic?

Accepted Answer

Antipsychotic medications

Answer

Trauma

Answer

Brain tumors

Answer

Neurotoxins

Question 11

What is the most prevalent type of dementia?

Accepted Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Lewy body dementia

Answer

Frontotemporal dementia

Answer

Vascular dementia

Question 12

Which of the following is the recommended initial treatment for an acute ischemic stroke?

Accepted Answer

Intravenous thrombolysis

Answer

Endovascular thrombectomy

Answer

Antiplatelet therapy

Answer

Statin therapy

Question 13

What is levodopa's primary molecular mechanism of action in Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Enhancement of dopamine release

Answer

Inhibition of dopamine reuptake

Answer

Stimulation of dopamine receptor agonism

Answer

Reduction of dopamine metabolism

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a significant risk factor for ischemic stroke?

Accepted Answer

Excessive alcohol consumption

Answer

Atrial fibrillation

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Smoking

Question 15

What is the most prevalent cause of dementia globally?

Accepted Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Vascular dementia

Answer

Lewy body dementia

Answer

Frontotemporal dementia

Question 16

Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Resting tremor

Answer

Cognitive impairment

Answer

Seizures

Answer

Muscle weakness

Question 17

Which treatment is considered first-line for an acute ischemic stroke?

Accepted Answer

Thrombolysis

Answer

Antiplatelet therapy

Answer

Anticoagulation

Answer

Carotid endarterectomy

Question 18

Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Age

Answer

Head injury

Answer

Smoking

Answer

Diet

Question 19

What is the primary neurotransmitter affected in Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Glutamate

Answer

GABA

Question 20

Which of the following proteins is associated with the formation of amyloid plaques, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Amyloid-beta

Answer

Tau

Answer

Alpha-synuclein

Answer

Prion

Question 21

A patient exhibits a gradual decline in memory, disorientation, and impaired judgment. What is the most probable diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Stroke

Answer

Parkinson's disease

Answer

Depression

Question 22

Which of the following symptoms is strongly associated with Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Memory loss

Answer

Tremor

Answer

Muscle weakness

Answer

Dysphagia

Question 23

Among the following, which is the leading cause of stroke?

Accepted Answer

Ischemia

Answer

Hemorrhage

Answer

Vasculitis

Answer

Trauma

Question 24

In Alzheimer's disease, what is considered the primary pathological mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Amyloid plaque deposition

Answer

Neurotransmitter imbalance

Answer

Inflammatory response

Answer

Genetic mutations

Question 25

Which type of stroke is characterized by a blockage in an artery supplying blood to the brain?

Accepted Answer

Ischemic stroke

Answer

Hemorrhagic stroke

Answer

Transient ischemic attack

Answer

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Question 26

At what age range is Parkinson's disease typically diagnosed?

Accepted Answer

60-80 years

Answer

20-40 years

Answer

40-60 years

Answer

80 years and older

Question 27

What is the primary function of the blood-brain barrier in neurological diseases?

Accepted Answer

To prevent toxins from entering the brain

Answer

To regulate blood flow in the brain

Answer

To enable neurotransmission

Answer

To produce cerebrospinal fluid

Question 28

Which type of dementia is defined by the presence of Lewy bodies within the brain?

Accepted Answer

Lewy body dementia

Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Vascular dementia

Question 29

Which of the following accurately describes a key pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain.

Answer

Reduced brain acetylcholine levels leading to memory impairment.

Answer

A neurodegenerative disorder with a currently available cure.

Answer

Cholinesterase inhibitors as the only treatment approach.

Question 30

Which of the following is the most prevalent cause of dementia in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Parkinson's disease

Answer

Huntington's disease

Answer

Lewy body dementia

Question 31

In the acute management of ischemic stroke, which treatment is recommended as first-line?

Accepted Answer

Intravenous thrombolysis

Answer

Antiplatelet medication

Answer

Statin therapy

Answer

Surgical intervention

Question 32

For the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, which imaging technique is considered optimal?

Accepted Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan

Answer

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Question 33

Which mechanism underlies the pathophysiology of migraine headaches?

Accepted Answer

Vasospasm of cerebral arteries

Answer

Increased intracranial pressure

Answer

Neurotransmitter imbalance

Answer

Tumor development

Question 34

Which of the following is a metastatic brain tumor?

Accepted Answer

Metastatic brain tumor

Answer

Meningioma

Answer

Glioblastoma

Answer

Pituitary adenoma

Question 35

Identify the characteristic clinical features and diagnostic criteria used to diagnose multiple sclerosis.

Accepted Answer

Visual disturbances, limb weakness, sensory changes; Oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid

Answer

Resting tremors, muscle stiffness, and slow movement; Family history

Answer

Memory loss, worsening cognitive function, and behavioral changes; Family history

Answer

Seizures, temporary loss of consciousness, and altered mental state; EEG showing abnormal electrical activity

Question 36

When making decisions about withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment for patients with advanced neurological diseases, which ethical principle should be given the highest priority?

Accepted Answer

Respect for patient autonomy

Answer

Non-maleficence (avoiding harm)

Answer

Beneficence (doing good)

Answer

Justice (fair distribution of resources)

Question 37

A 65-year-old male presents with sudden onset of weakness and numbness on the right side of his body, difficulty speaking, and facial drooping. These symptoms are most likely caused by:

Accepted Answer

Ischemic stroke

Answer

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Answer

Hemorrhagic stroke

Question 38

Which neurotransmitter is primarily affected in Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Glutamate

Question 39

Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for multiple sclerosis?

Accepted Answer

Smoking

Answer

Race

Answer

Gender

Answer

Age

Question 40

What is the most common type of brain tumor in children?

Accepted Answer

Medulloblastoma

Answer

Glioma

Answer

Acoustic neuroma

Answer

Meningioma

Question 41

Which of the following imaging techniques provides the best visualization of soft tissue structures in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan

Answer

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Question 42

What is the term for involuntary, sustained muscle contractions that cause abnormal postures?

Accepted Answer

Dystonia

Answer

Athetosis

Answer

Chorea

Answer

Myoclonus

Question 43

Which of the following types of headaches is characterized by a throbbing pain on one side of the head?

Accepted Answer

Migraine

Answer

Cluster headache

Answer

Tension headache

Question 44

A 72-year-old patient presents with progressive memory decline, difficulty with language, and impaired judgment. These symptoms are most consistent with which neurological disease?

Accepted Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Stroke

Answer

Multiple sclerosis

Answer

Parkinson's disease

Question 45

Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for stroke?

Accepted Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Family history of stroke

Answer

Genetics

Answer

Age

Question 46

A patient presents with a sudden onset of weakness on one side of the body and difficulty speaking. These symptoms are most likely due to:

Accepted Answer

Ischemic stroke

Answer

Bell's palsy

Answer

Migraine

Answer

Seizure

Question 47

The hallmark symptom of Parkinson's disease is:

Accepted Answer

Tremor

Answer

Seizures

Answer

Weakness

Answer

Memory loss

Question 48

Which of the following medications is commonly used to treat Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Donepezil

Answer

Carbamazepine

Answer

Gabapentin

Answer

Levodopa

Question 49

A patient with a history of multiple sclerosis presents with a sudden onset of blurred vision in one eye. This symptom is most likely due to:

Accepted Answer

Optic neuritis

Answer

Macular degeneration

Answer

Glaucoma

Answer

Cataracts

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Sudden loss of consciousness

Answer

Rigidity

Answer

Bradykinesia

Answer

Postural instability

Question 51

A patient presents with a history of recurrent seizures. Which of the following medications is commonly used to treat epilepsy?

Accepted Answer

Carbamazepine

Answer

Lamotrigine

Answer

Donepezil

Answer

Levodopa

Question 52

Which of the following neurological diseases is characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons?

Accepted Answer

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Parkinson's disease

Answer

Multiple sclerosis