Anemia: Definition, Classification, Diagnosis, and Management

Question 1

Which of the following laboratory findings is considered most suggestive of iron deficiency anemia?

Accepted Answer

Decreased serum iron

Answer

Increased serum ferritin

Answer

Increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

Answer

Decreased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)

Question 2

Which patient is at greatest risk of developing pernicious anemia?

Accepted Answer

A 50-year-old male with a history of gastric bypass surgery

Answer

A 20-year-old female with a balanced diet

Answer

A 40-year-old male with a history of alcohol abuse

Answer

A 30-year-old female with a normal vitamin B12 level

Question 3

What is the recommended first-line treatment for iron deficiency anemia?

Accepted Answer

Oral iron supplements

Answer

Erythropoietin

Answer

Vitamin B12 injections

Answer

Blood transfusion

Question 4

What is the primary mechanism of action of erythropoietin in the treatment of anemia?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates red blood cell production

Answer

Increases iron absorption

Answer

Decreases red blood cell destruction

Answer

Enlarges existing red blood cells

Question 5

What is the most frequent cause of anemia globally?

Accepted Answer

Iron deficiency

Answer

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Answer

Chronic diseases

Answer

Autoimmune disorders

Question 6

Which of the following red blood cell morphological characteristics is typically observed in iron-deficiency anemia?

Accepted Answer

Microcytic and hypochromic

Answer

Macrocytic and hyperchromic

Answer

Normocytic and normochromic

Answer

Anisocytic and poikilocytic

Question 7

Which clinical manifestation is commonly associated with anemia?

Accepted Answer

Fatigue

Answer

Tachycardia

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Fever

Question 8

What is the primary treatment option for iron-deficiency anemia?

Accepted Answer

Oral iron supplements

Answer

Intravenous iron

Answer

Erythropoietin injections

Answer

Blood transfusion

Question 9

Which laboratory test is used to measure the serum level of vitamin B12?

Accepted Answer

Serum vitamin B12 level

Answer

Complete blood count

Answer

Reticulocyte count

Answer

Ferritin level

Question 10

What is the underlying pathophysiological mechanism of megaloblastic anemia?

Accepted Answer

Impaired DNA synthesis

Answer

Increased red blood cell destruction

Answer

Defective iron utilization

Answer

Overproduction of white blood cells

Question 11

Which biochemical finding is characteristic of pernicious anemia?

Accepted Answer

Increased serum homocysteine

Answer

Elevated mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

Answer

Low serum folate

Answer

Normal vitamin B12 level

Question 12

What is the primary function of erythropoietin in red blood cell production?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells

Answer

Inhibits red blood cell destruction

Answer

Increases the lifespan of red blood cells

Answer

Enhances iron absorption

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a recognized morphological classification of anemia?

Accepted Answer

Trimorphic anemia

Answer

Microcytic anemia

Answer

Normocytic anemia

Answer

Macrocytic anemia

Question 14

Which clinical manifestation is commonly associated with sickle cell anemia?

Accepted Answer

Vaso-occlusive crises

Answer

General fatigue

Answer

Jaundice

Answer

Hepatomegaly

Question 15

The definitive diagnosis of megaloblastic anemia is typically established through:

Accepted Answer

Bone marrow examination

Answer

Peripheral blood film analysis

Answer

Serum folate levels

Answer

Reticulocyte count

Question 16

The medication commonly used as replacement therapy in vitamin B12 deficiency anemia is:

Accepted Answer

Cyanocobalamin

Answer

Folic acid

Answer

Iron supplements

Answer

Erythropoietin

Question 17

The presence of anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, and hypersegmented neutrophils in a peripheral blood smear is indicative of:

Accepted Answer

Megaloblastic anemia

Answer

Iron deficiency anemia

Answer

Sickle cell anemia

Answer

Hemolytic anemia

Question 18

The underlying cause of aplastic anemia is frequently:

Accepted Answer

Immune-mediated

Answer

Congenital

Answer

Nutritional deficiency

Answer

Bone marrow malignancy

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of microcytic anemia?

Accepted Answer

Normal reticulocyte count

Answer

Small, pale red blood cells

Answer

Low mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

Answer

Iron deficiency

Question 20

What is the most prevalent cause of anemia in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Iron deficiency

Answer

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Answer

Folate deficiency

Answer

Aplastic anemia

Question 21

What is the principal mechanism of action for erythropoietin in the treatment of anemia?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates red blood cell production

Answer

Increases hemoglobin synthesis

Answer

Enhances iron absorption

Answer

Reduces inflammation

Question 22

What is the characteristic morphological appearance of red blood cells in sickle cell anemia?

Accepted Answer

Sickle-shaped

Answer

Target-shaped

Answer

Burr-shaped

Answer

Oval-shaped

Question 23

What is the primary function of ferritin in iron metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Iron storage

Answer

Iron transport

Answer

Iron absorption regulation

Answer

Iron excretion promotion

Question 24

What is the primary aim of transfusing red blood cells in patients with anemia?

Accepted Answer

To enhance oxygen-carrying capacity

Answer

To suppress bone marrow production

Answer

To reduce inflammation

Answer

To increase platelet count

Question 25

Which of the following is **not** a type of anemia classified based on red blood cell **morphology**?

Accepted Answer

Hypochromic

Answer

Microcytic

Answer

Normocytic

Answer

Macrocytic

Question 26

Iron deficiency is the most common cause of which type of anemia?

Accepted Answer

Microcytic anemia

Answer

Aplastic anemia

Answer

Hemolytic anemia

Answer

Megaloblastic anemia

Question 27

A patient presents with severe anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. Which of the following is the most probable diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Aplastic anemia

Answer

Iron deficiency anemia

Answer

Sickle cell anemia

Answer

Thalassemia

Question 28

Which of the following tests is essential for diagnosing autoimmune hemolytic anemia?

Accepted Answer

Direct Coombs test

Answer

Complete blood count

Answer

Reticulocyte count

Answer

Bone marrow biopsy

Question 29

What is the first-line treatment for iron deficiency anemia?

Accepted Answer

Iron supplements

Answer

Blood transfusion

Answer

Erythropoietin injections

Answer

Vitamin B12 injections

Question 30

Elaborate on the clinical significance of monitoring reticulocyte count in patients with anemia and explain how it guides treatment decisions.

Accepted Answer

Assessing the bone marrow's response to treatment

Answer

Estimating hemoglobin levels

Answer

Diagnosing the underlying cause of anemia

Answer

Predicting the prognosis of anemia

Question 31

Which innovative therapeutic approach holds the greatest potential for eradicating sickle cell anemia?

Accepted Answer

Gene editing using CRISPR-Cas9

Answer

Stem cell transplant

Answer

Hydroxyurea therapy

Answer

Regular blood transfusions

Question 32

Which of the following is a hallmark symptom of anemia?

Accepted Answer

Fatigue

Answer

Abdominal pain

Answer

Hematuria

Answer

Jaundice

Question 33

Which of the following findings is characteristic on a peripheral blood smear in megaloblastic anemia?

Accepted Answer

Oval macrocytes

Answer

Microcytic hypochromic red blood cells

Answer

Target cells

Answer

Fragmented red blood cells

Question 34

Which of the following is a potential serious complication of severe anemia?

Accepted Answer

Congestive heart failure

Answer

Gout

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Asthma

Question 35

Which laboratory test is a crucial diagnostic indicator of hemolytic anemia?

Accepted Answer

Haptoglobin

Answer

Vitamin B12 level

Answer

Iron studies

Answer

Reticulocyte count

Question 36

Which medication is known to have the potential to induce aplastic anemia?

Accepted Answer

Chloramphenicol

Answer

Ibuprofen

Answer

Acetaminophen

Answer

Aspirin

Question 37

Identify the central molecular mechanism underlying sickle cell anemia:

Accepted Answer

Polymerization of hemoglobin S

Answer

Increased red blood cell lifespan

Answer

Reduced oxygen affinity of hemoglobin

Answer

Thalassemia

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT an intended objective of blood transfusion in the management of anemia?

Accepted Answer

Improve mental status

Answer

Alleviate symptoms of fatigue

Answer

Prevent complications of severe anemia

Answer

Enhance oxygen delivery to tissues

Question 39

Which of the following findings is NOT characteristic of iron deficiency anemia?

Accepted Answer

Increased serum ferritin

Answer

Hypochromia

Answer

Low mean corpuscular volume

Answer

Microcytic red blood cells

Question 40

What is the primary cause of megaloblastic anemia?

Accepted Answer

Deficiency of vitamin B12 or folate

Answer

Iron deficiency

Answer

Myelodysplastic syndrome

Answer

Chronic blood loss

Question 41

Which of the following is the most common cause of anemia in hospitalized patients?

Accepted Answer

Blood loss

Answer

Aplastic anemia

Answer

Iron deficiency

Answer

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Question 42

What is the hallmark laboratory finding in sickle cell anemia?

Accepted Answer

Sickle-shaped red blood cells on peripheral blood smear

Answer

Absence of reticulocytes

Answer

Increased mean corpuscular volume

Answer

Low serum iron

Question 43

Which of the following is a potential complication of untreated pernicious anemia?

Accepted Answer

Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord

Answer

Heart failure

Answer

Renal failure

Answer

Hepatic encephalopathy

Question 44

What is the first-line treatment for iron deficiency anemia?

Accepted Answer

Oral iron supplements

Answer

Bone marrow transplant

Answer

Erythropoietin injections

Answer

Blood transfusions

Question 45

Which of the following factors can contribute to the development of anemia in chronic kidney disease?

Accepted Answer

All of the following

Answer

Blood loss

Answer

Erythropoietin deficiency

Answer

Iron deficiency

Question 46

What is the pathophysiology underlying the development of hemolytic anemia?

Accepted Answer

Premature destruction of red blood cells

Answer

Impaired oxygen delivery

Answer

Decreased red blood cell production

Answer

Increased blood loss

Question 47

Which of the following tests is most useful for diagnosing anemia?

Accepted Answer

Complete blood count

Answer

Chest X-ray

Answer

Liver function tests

Answer

Urinalysis

Question 48

What is the prognosis of a patient with untreated aplastic anemia?

Accepted Answer

Poor

Answer

Excellent

Answer

Good

Answer

Fair

Question 49

Which type of anemia is the most prevalent in clinical practice?

Accepted Answer

Iron deficiency anemia

Answer

Aplastic anemia

Answer

Pernicious anemia

Answer

Hemolytic anemia

Question 50

Identify the characteristic laboratory finding associated with iron deficiency anemia?

Accepted Answer

Microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells

Answer

Macrocytic, hypochromic red blood cells

Answer

Normocytic, normochromic red blood cells

Answer

Normocytic, hyperchromic red blood cells

Question 51

Which of the following causes is commonly associated with the development of megaloblastic anemia?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Answer

Aplastic anemia

Answer

Iron deficiency

Answer

Hemolysis

Question 52

Which symptom is characteristic of severe anemia?

Accepted Answer

Dyspnea on exertion

Answer

Skin pallor

Answer

Easy bruising

Question 53

What is the initial treatment of choice for iron deficiency anemia?

Accepted Answer

Oral iron supplementation

Answer

Erythropoietin therapy

Answer

Blood transfusion

Question 54

Identify a risk factor for developing hemolytic anemia

Accepted Answer

G6PD deficiency

Answer

Aplastic anemia

Answer

Iron deficiency

Answer

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Question 55

Which potential complication can arise from severe anemia?

Accepted Answer

Heart failure

Answer

Skin cancer

Answer

Kidney failure

Answer

Stroke

Question 56

Which diagnostic test plays a central role in detecting anemia?

Accepted Answer

Complete blood count

Answer

Urinalysis

Answer

Electrocardiogram

Answer

Chest X-ray

Question 57

Which anemia type is characterized by macrocytic red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Pernicious anemia

Answer

Iron deficiency anemia

Answer

Hemolytic anemia

Answer

Aplastic anemia