Diabetes Mellitus: Definition, Classification, Diagnosis, and Management

Question 1

In diabetes management, which intervention is paramount for empowering patients to actively manage their condition?

Accepted Answer

Patient education and self-management strategies

Answer

Exclusive focus on medication adherence

Answer

Sole reliance on regular check-ups

Answer

Dietary modifications in isolation

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a route of insulin administration?

Accepted Answer

Oral

Answer

Intravenous

Answer

Subcutaneous

Answer

Intramuscular

Question 3

Which of the following is the primary characteristic of diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Persistent hyperglycemia

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Elevated insulin levels

Answer

Increased blood pressure

Question 4

Identify the most significant risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes.

Accepted Answer

Obesity

Answer

Physical inactivity

Answer

Family history of diabetes

Answer

Advanced age

Question 5

Identify the potential complication of diabetes mellitus that affects the nervous system.

Accepted Answer

Neuropathy

Answer

Retinopathy

Answer

Nephropathy

Answer

Cardiovascular disease

Question 6

Which test is used to assess long-term blood glucose control in individuals with diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test

Answer

Fasting blood glucose test

Answer

Oral glucose tolerance test

Answer

Random blood glucose test

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a modifiable risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Family history

Answer

Obesity

Answer

Physical inactivity

Answer

Age over 45

Question 8

What is the primary pathophysiologic abnormality in type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune destruction of beta cells leading to insulin deficiency

Answer

Insulin resistance

Answer

Decreased glucagon production

Answer

Increased glucose absorption from the gut

Question 9

What is the preferred initial screening test for diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Fasting blood glucose

Answer

Random blood glucose

Answer

Oral glucose tolerance test

Answer

Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)

Question 10

Which of the following medications is first-line therapy for newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Metformin

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Sulfonylurea

Answer

DPP-4 inhibitor

Question 11

What is the target HbA1c level for most patients with diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Less than 7%

Answer

Less than 7.5%

Answer

Less than 8%

Answer

Less than 8.5%

Question 12

What is the most common cause of hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Excessive insulin intake

Answer

Inadequate dietary intake

Answer

Excessive exercise

Answer

Renal failure

Question 13

Which hormone primarily raises blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Somatostatin

Answer

Amylin

Question 14

A patient presents with frequent urination, excessive thirst, and increased hunger. Which laboratory finding is most suggestive of diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Random blood glucose of 180 mg/dL

Answer

Fasting blood glucose of 110 mg/dL

Answer

Hemoglobin A1c of 5.8%

Answer

2-hour postprandial glucose of 130 mg/dL

Question 15

Which medication is typically first-line for managing high blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Metformin

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Sulfonylurea

Answer

Thiazolidinedione

Question 16

Which hormone is responsible for lowering blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Adrenaline

Answer

Cortisol

Question 17

What condition is characterized by abnormally high blood glucose levels that can lead to a diabetic coma?

Accepted Answer

Hyperglycemia

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Glycosuria

Answer

Ketosis

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Regular physical activity

Answer

Obesity

Answer

Family history

Answer

Gestational diabetes

Question 19

What is the primary treatment for type 1 diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Insulin therapy

Answer

Oral medications

Answer

Lifestyle modifications

Answer

Bariatric surgery

Question 20

How does metformin, a common oral medication for type 2 diabetes, primarily work?

Accepted Answer

Increases insulin sensitivity

Answer

Increases insulin secretion

Answer

Inhibits gluconeogenesis

Answer

Promotes weight loss

Question 21

What is the predominant cause of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells

Answer

Insulin resistance

Answer

Defective insulin secretion

Answer

Genetic predisposition only

Question 22

Which of the following is a characteristic clinical feature of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Accepted Answer

Kussmaul respirations and fruity breath

Answer

Elevated blood glucose levels

Answer

Blurred vision

Answer

Diabetic retinopathy

Question 23

Which medication is typically recommended as first-line therapy for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Metformin

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Sulfonylureas

Answer

GLP-1 agonists

Question 24

How often should patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus undergo screening for diabetic retinopathy?

Accepted Answer

Every 1-2 years

Answer

Every 2-3 years

Answer

Every 3-4 years

Answer

Every 4-5 years

Question 25

A patient presents with polyuria, polydipsia, and unexplained weight loss. Which of the following laboratory findings would be the most suggestive of diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Random blood glucose level of 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)

Answer

Fasting blood glucose level of 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L)

Answer

HbA1c of 6.5 %

Answer

Oral glucose tolerance test with a 2-hour glucose level of 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L)

Question 26

In the initial management of type 2 diabetes mellitus, which of the following is the preferred first-line medication?

Accepted Answer

Metformin

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Sulfonylurea

Answer

Thiazolidinedione

Question 27

A patient with diabetes mellitus is admitted to the hospital with hyperglycemia and ketonuria. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial treatment?

Accepted Answer

Intravenous fluids and insulin

Answer

Oral hypoglycemic agents

Answer

Subcutaneous insulin

Answer

Metformin

Question 28

Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Cortisol

Answer

Epinephrine

Question 29

Which type of diabetes mellitus results from an absolute deficiency of insulin?

Accepted Answer

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Answer

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Answer

Gestational diabetes mellitus

Answer

Secondary diabetes mellitus

Question 30

Which common clinical manifestation is associated with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Polyuria

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Bradycardia

Answer

Hypothermia

Question 31

Which laboratory test is used to confirm the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Fasting plasma glucose

Answer

Complete blood count

Answer

Electrocardiogram

Answer

Chest X-ray

Question 32

Which medication is commonly used as first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Metformin

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Sulfonylureas

Answer

Thiazolidinediones

Question 33

Which clinical feature is NOT characteristic of diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Weight gain

Answer

Polyuria

Answer

Polydipsia

Answer

Blurred vision

Question 34

Which hormone plays a primary role in regulating glucose metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Adrenaline

Answer

Cortisol

Question 35

Which type of diabetes involves autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells?

Accepted Answer

Type 1 diabetes

Answer

Type 2 diabetes

Answer

Gestational diabetes

Answer

Monogenic diabetes

Question 36

Which lifestyle modification is NOT recommended for the management of type 2 diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Moderate alcohol consumption

Answer

Regular exercise

Answer

Healthy diet

Answer

Smoking cessation

Question 37

Which of the following medications is used as the first-line treatment option for type 2 diabetes, particularly for those who are overweight or obese?

Accepted Answer

Metformin

Answer

Sulfonylureas

Answer

Thiazolidinediones

Answer

Insulin

Question 38

Analyze the potential benefits and drawbacks of employing continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in diabetes management.

Accepted Answer

Enhanced glycemic control through real-time glucose data and timely insulin adjustments.

Accepted Answer

Reduced risk of hypoglycemia by providing early detection and alerts of impending low glucose levels.

Accepted Answer

Increased patient empowerment and satisfaction due to greater involvement in diabetes self-management.

Answer

Cost-effectiveness, making it accessible to a wide range of patients.

Question 39

Which of the following is the primary underlying cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus, an autoimmune condition that results in insulin deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells

Answer

Insulin resistance

Answer

Genetic defects in insulin receptors

Answer

Chronic pancreatitis

Question 40

What is the defining biochemical abnormality in type 2 diabetes mellitus, characterized by impaired insulin utilization and insufficient insulin production?

Accepted Answer

Insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency

Answer

Hyperglycemia with normal insulin levels

Answer

Absolute insulin deficiency

Question 41

Which of the following is a classic symptom commonly experienced by individuals with uncontrolled or poorly managed diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Polyuria

Answer

Chest pain

Answer

Nausea

Answer

Hypertension

Question 42

Which of the following treatment strategies is NOT typically recommended for the management of type 1 diabetes mellitus due to its ineffectiveness in controlling blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Metformin

Answer

Insulin therapy

Answer

Lifestyle modification

Answer

Continuous glucose monitoring

Question 43

For most patients with diabetes mellitus, what is the generally accepted target HbA1c level, below which optimal blood glucose control and reduced risk of complications can be achieved?

Accepted Answer

< 7.0%

Answer

< 8.0%

Answer

< 9.0%

Answer

< 6.0%

Question 44

Which of the following complications is a potential long-term consequence of diabetes mellitus, resulting from damage to the kidneys due to persistently high blood sugar levels?

Accepted Answer

Nephropathy

Answer

Pneumonia

Answer

Skin cancer

Answer

Osteoporosis

Question 45

In diabetes mellitus, what is the primary objective of implementing lifestyle modifications, including dietary changes and physical activity?

Accepted Answer

Weight loss and improved glycemic control

Answer

Prevention of cardiovascular disease

Answer

Improvement of mood

Answer

Reduction of blood pressure

Question 46

The primary objective of diabetes education is to:

Accepted Answer

Empower individuals with diabetes to effectively manage their condition.

Answer

Prevent the development of complications related to diabetes.

Answer

Increase awareness about diabetes within the community.

Answer

Reduce the overall cost of medical care associated with diabetes.

Question 47

The classic triad of symptoms commonly associated with diabetes mellitus includes:

Accepted Answer

Increased thirst (polydipsia), frequent urination (polyuria), and excessive hunger (polyphagia).

Answer

Blurred vision, fatigue, and unintended weight loss.

Answer

Headaches, nausea, and vomiting.

Answer

Fever, chills, and muscle aches.

Question 48

Which type of diabetes mellitus is characterized by an autoimmune attack on the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas?

Accepted Answer

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Answer

Gestational diabetes mellitus

Answer

Monogenic diabetes mellitus

Answer

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Question 49

The primary goal of diabetes management is to:

Accepted Answer

Maintain blood glucose levels within a safe and healthy range (normoglycemia).

Answer

Promote weight loss as a primary strategy for managing diabetes.

Answer

Improve insulin sensitivity through lifestyle modifications and medications.

Answer

Prevent the development of long-term complications related to diabetes.

Question 50

Which of the following medications is NOT an oral antidiabetic agent used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Answer

Sulfonylureas

Answer

Metformin

Answer

Thiazolidinediones

Question 51

The HbA1c test provides a measure of:

Accepted Answer

Average blood glucose levels over the preceding 2-3 months.

Answer

Insulin levels in the bloodstream.

Answer

The rate of glucose breakdown in the body.

Answer

Current blood glucose level at the time of the test.

Question 52

Which of the following lifestyle modifications is strongly recommended for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining a healthy diet and engaging in regular physical activity.

Answer

Starting medications for diabetes prevention before developing the disease.

Answer

Undergoing weight loss surgery as a preventative measure.

Answer

Quitting smoking but without other lifestyle changes.

Question 53

Which of the following hormones plays a key role in raising blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Somatostatin

Answer

Amylin

Question 54

The "dawn phenomenon" in diabetes mellitus is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Elevated blood glucose levels in the early morning hours, often before breakfast.

Answer

Low blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia) in the afternoon hours.

Answer

Increased thirst and urination (polyuria and polydipsia) at night.