Cellular and Molecular Basis of Disease: Interactive Learning Quizzes

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a hallmark of cancer according to Hanahan and Weinberg?

Accepted Answer

Impaired DNA repair

Answer

Sustained proliferative signaling

Answer

Evading growth suppressors

Answer

Promoting angiogenesis

Question 2

Which type of genetic alteration involves the duplication of a segment of DNA?

Accepted Answer

Amplification

Answer

Translocation

Answer

Deletion

Answer

Inversion

Question 3

Which type of cell death is characterized by an organized sequence of events leading to the fragmentation and phagocytosis of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Necrosis

Answer

Pyroptosis

Answer

Ferroptosis

Question 4

Which of the following inflammatory mediators is a potent vasodilator?

Accepted Answer

Histamine

Answer

Prostaglandins

Answer

Leukotrienes

Answer

Platelet-activating factor

Question 5

How do epigenetic modifications contribute to the development of prevalent chronic diseases such as obesity and diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Epigenetic changes can alter gene expression without modifying the DNA sequence itself.

Answer

Epigenetics is primarily associated with rare genetic disorders.

Answer

Epigenetic modifications are exclusively inherited from parents.

Question 6

How does inflammation contribute to the molecular pathogenesis of arthritis and Crohn's disease?

Accepted Answer

Inflammation produces cytokines that damage tissues and promote fibrosis.

Answer

Inflammation releases cytokines that promote tissue repair and reduce fibrosis.

Answer

Inflammation has no significant role in the development of arthritis and Crohn's disease.

Question 7

How does cellular signaling contribute to disease development?

Accepted Answer

Cellular signaling allows cells to communicate and coordinate their functions, which can be disrupted in disease.

Answer

Cellular signaling is solely responsible for protein production within cells.

Answer

Cellular signaling is the same as cell division.

Question 8

Which of the following is a hallmark of malignancy, characterized by unrestrained growth and the ability to invade surrounding tissues?

Accepted Answer

Uncontrolled cell growth and invasion

Answer

Benign behavior

Answer

Slow growth and lack of metastasis

Answer

Absence of angiogenesis

Question 9

What is the primary function of oncogenes in cancer development?

Accepted Answer

Promoting cell proliferation and survival

Answer

Inhibiting tumor suppressor genes

Answer

Inducing apoptosis

Answer

Suppressing angiogenesis

Question 10

Which technique is commonly used in cancer pathology to identify genetic alterations in tumor cells?

Accepted Answer

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Answer

Immunohistochemistry

Answer

Flow cytometry

Answer

Ultrasound imaging

Question 11

What is the physiological function of apoptosis?

Accepted Answer

Eliminating damaged or unnecessary cells to maintain tissue homeostasis

Answer

Promoting cell growth and differentiation

Answer

Inducing inflammation

Answer

Inhibiting angiogenesis

Question 12

What is the primary goal of personalized medicine in cancer treatment?

Accepted Answer

Tailoring therapies to the specific molecular characteristics of each patient's tumor

Answer

Developing universal treatments that are effective against all types of cancer

Answer

Reducing the cost of cancer care

Answer

Preventing the development of cancer

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a hallmark of neoplastic cells?

Accepted Answer

Normal cellular differentiation

Answer

Uncontrolled proliferation

Answer

Loss of contact inhibition

Answer

Increased angiogenesis

Question 14

Defects in which of the following pathways can drive uncontrolled cell division?

Accepted Answer

Both p53 and Rb pathways

Answer

p53 pathway

Answer

Rb pathway

Answer

Neither p53 nor Rb pathway

Question 15

Which type of mutation leads to a truncated, non-functional protein?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation

Answer

Silent mutation

Answer

Missense mutation

Answer

Splice site mutation

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of a tumor suppressor gene?

Accepted Answer

TP53

Answer

MYC

Answer

RAS

Answer

BCL2

Question 17

Which of the following cytokines plays a central role in initiating the acute inflammatory response?

Accepted Answer

Interleukin-1 (IL-1)

Answer

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α)

Answer

Interferon-γ (IFN-γ)

Answer

Interleukin-10 (IL-10)

Question 18

Which of the following mechanisms contributes to tissue fibrosis?

Accepted Answer

Both excessive deposition and impaired degradation

Answer

Excessive deposition of extracellular matrix

Answer

Impaired matrix degradation

Answer

Neither excessive deposition nor impaired degradation

Question 19

A form of cell death characterized by DNA fragmentation and cellular shrinkage is known as:

Accepted Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Necrosis

Answer

Autophagy

Answer

Mitotic arrest

Question 20

The process by which cells communicate and respond to changes in their surroundings is termed:

Accepted Answer

Signal transduction

Answer

Transcription regulation

Answer

Protein synthesis

Answer

Cell cycle progression

Question 21

Apoptosis is primarily mediated through which of the following pathways?

Accepted Answer

Both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways

Answer

Extrinsic pathway

Answer

Intrinsic pathway

Answer

Neither extrinsic nor intrinsic pathway

Question 22

The accumulation of abnormally folded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum is a key feature of:

Accepted Answer

Cystic fibrosis

Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Parkinson's disease

Answer

Huntington's disease

Question 23

Oncogenes are genes that contribute to cancer development. What is their primary function?

Accepted Answer

They promote cell growth and proliferation

Answer

They suppress tumor suppressor genes

Answer

They activate DNA repair mechanisms

Answer

They inhibit apoptosis

Question 24

Tumor suppressor genes play a critical role in preventing cancer. What is their primary function?

Accepted Answer

To inhibit cell growth and proliferation

Answer

To promote DNA repair

Answer

To activate immune responses

Answer

To regulate apoptosis

Question 25

Targeted therapies are drugs that are designed to specifically target cancer cells. Which of the following is an example of a targeted therapy?

Accepted Answer

Imatinib

Answer

Aspirin

Answer

Statins

Answer

Antibiotics

Question 26

Advances in technology have significantly impacted the field of pathology. Which of the following is an example of a recent technological advancement in pathology?

Accepted Answer

Digital pathology

Answer

Immunohistochemistry staining

Answer

Flow cytometry

Answer

Electron microscopy

Question 27

Identify the molecular basis of sickle cell anemia, a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the β-globin gene.

Accepted Answer

Substitution of valine for glutamic acid at position 6 of the β-globin chain

Answer

Inversion of a segment of the β-globin gene

Answer

Deletion of the α-globin gene locus

Answer

Duplication of the β-globin gene

Question 28

A mutation in which gene is most commonly associated with the development of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)?

Accepted Answer

APC

Answer

BRAF

Answer

TP53

Answer

KRAS

Question 29

The process by which normal epithelial cells acquire the ability to invade and metastasize is known as:

Accepted Answer

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)

Answer

Necrosis

Answer

Anoikis

Answer

Apoptosis

Question 30

Which of the following techniques is commonly used to analyze gene expression patterns in diseased tissues?

Accepted Answer

Microarray analysis

Answer

Flow cytometry

Answer

Western blotting

Answer

Immunohistochemistry

Question 31

Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Caspase activation and DNA fragmentation

Answer

Mitochondrial swelling and ATP depletion

Answer

Lysosomal rupture and autophagy

Answer

Membrane blebbing and cell lysis

Question 32

The accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can trigger:

Accepted Answer

Unfolded protein response (UPR)

Answer

Autophagy

Answer

Mitochondrial apoptosis

Answer

Necroptosis

Question 33

Which of the following is a key regulator of the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

Answer

Caspases

Answer

Histone deacetylases (HDACs)

Answer

Proteasomes

Question 34

The process by which stem cells develop into specialized cell types is known as:

Accepted Answer

Differentiation

Answer

Metaplasia

Answer

Transdifferentiation

Answer

Dysplasia

Question 35

Which cellular process is frequently targeted in cancer treatment to inhibit uncontrolled cell division?

Accepted Answer

Cell cycle regulation

Answer

DNA replication

Answer

Protein translation

Answer

Mitochondrial respiration

Question 36

Which type of genetic alteration involves the substitution of a single nucleotide, resulting in a change in the coded amino acid?

Accepted Answer

Point mutation

Answer

Insertion

Answer

Deletion

Answer

Translocation

Question 37

Which advanced technique is commonly used to identify and sequence DNA variations associated with genetic disorders?

Accepted Answer

Next-generation sequencing

Answer

Microarray analysis

Answer

Karyotyping

Answer

Southern blotting

Question 38

Which cellular response to DNA damage involves the temporary halt of cell cycle progression to allow for DNA repair?

Accepted Answer

Cell cycle checkpoint

Answer

Necrosis

Answer

Apoptosis

Question 39

Which characteristic of viral oncogenesis involves the incorporation of viral DNA into the host cell's genome?

Accepted Answer

Integration of viral DNA into the host genome

Answer

Lysis of the host cell

Answer

Transformation of the host cell without integration

Answer

Production of viral particles that bud from the host cell membrane

Question 40

Which aspect is a key feature of the inflammatory response?

Accepted Answer

Recruitment of immune cells to the site of injury

Answer

Resolution of inflammation

Answer

Destruction of damaged tissue

Answer

Production of antibodies

Question 41

Which of the following is a well-established risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Obesity

Answer

Healthy diet

Answer

Adequate sleep

Answer

Regular exercise

Question 42

Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with cancer cells?

Accepted Answer

High degree of differentiation

Answer

Resistance to apoptosis

Answer

Metastatic potential

Answer

Unlimited proliferative capacity

Question 43

Apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death, is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Cellular shrinkage and fragmentation

Answer

Rapid cell necrosis

Answer

Cellular swelling and lysis

Question 44

Which technique is commonly employed for genetic analysis in the context of disease diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Answer

Flow cytometry

Answer

Immunohistochemistry

Question 45

The primary function of the immune system is:

Accepted Answer

Protection against pathogens

Answer

Regulation of body temperature

Answer

Maintenance of homeostasis

Question 46

Which factor is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Elevated blood pressure

Answer

Regular physical activity

Answer

Adherence to a balanced diet

Answer

Low blood glucose levels

Question 47

Which of the following neurodegenerative diseases is characterized by progressive cognitive decline?

Accepted Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Multiple sclerosis

Answer

Huntington's disease

Question 48

Which of the following is a hallmark characteristic of cancer cells, distinguishing them from normal cells?

Accepted Answer

Uncontrolled proliferation and evasion of cell death

Answer

Increased adhesion to extracellular matrix

Answer

Reduced metabolic activity

Answer

Decreased ability to repair DNA damage

Question 49

Which cellular process is profoundly disrupted in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, leading to protein misfolding and aggregation?

Accepted Answer

Protein folding, degradation, and trafficking

Answer

Mitochondrial function and oxidative stress

Answer

Lipid metabolism and membrane dynamics

Answer

Nucleic acid synthesis and DNA repair

Question 50

Which molecular technique has revolutionized the diagnosis of genetic disorders by enabling the amplification of specific DNA sequences?

Accepted Answer

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Answer

Southern blotting

Answer

Karyotyping

Answer

DNA sequencing

Question 51

Which organelle is primarily responsible for protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome

Answer

Golgi apparatus

Answer

Mitochondria

Answer

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 52

Which type of cell death is characterized by cellular shrinkage, organelle condensation, and fragmentation of DNA?

Accepted Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Autophagy

Answer

Necrosis

Answer

Pyroptosis

Question 53

Which of the following is a well-established risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Hypertension (high blood pressure)

Answer

Regular physical exercise

Answer

Adherence to a balanced diet

Answer

Low body mass index

Question 54

Which type of mutation involves the substitution of a single nucleotide base with a different base, potentially altering the amino acid sequence of a protein?

Accepted Answer

Point mutation

Answer

Duplication mutation

Answer

Frameshift mutation

Answer

Deletion mutation

Question 55

What is a potential consequence of gene amplification, where multiple copies of a gene are present within a cell?

Accepted Answer

Increased expression and production of the encoded protein

Answer

Altered protein structure and function

Answer

No significant impact on protein expression

Answer

Decreased production of the encoded protein