Cellular and Molecular Basis of Disease Quizzes | Pathophysiology | Nursing

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a type of cell injury?

Accepted Answer

Fibrosis

Answer

Necrosis

Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Hydropic change

Question 2

What is the term for the accumulation of fluid in cells due to injury?

Accepted Answer

Cellular swelling

Answer

Cytolysis

Answer

Fatty degeneration

Answer

Calcification

Question 3

What is the term for the process by which damaged tissue is replaced by new tissue?

Accepted Answer

Repair

Answer

Regeneration

Answer

Fibrosis

Answer

Scarring

Question 4

What is the primary mechanism of cell death in acute myocardial infarction?

Accepted Answer

Necrosis

Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Autophagy

Answer

Anoxia

Question 5

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of cell injury during hypoxia?

Accepted Answer

Swollen mitochondria

Answer

Increased ATP production

Answer

Enhanced protein synthesis

Answer

Improved DNA repair

Question 6

Which primary inflammatory mediator is responsible for vasodilation and increased vascular permeability?

Accepted Answer

Histamine

Answer

Interleukin-1

Answer

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

Answer

Complement factor C3a

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a type of phagocytic cell involved in inflammation?

Accepted Answer

T lymphocyte

Answer

Neutrophil

Answer

Macrophage

Answer

Eosinophil

Question 8

Which of the following is a key molecular pathway activated in response to cell stress?

Accepted Answer

MAPK signaling

Answer

PI3K signaling

Answer

Wnt signaling

Answer

Hedgehog signaling

Question 9

What is the primary function of lysosomes in the process of cell injury?

Accepted Answer

To destroy damaged organelles and cellular debris

Answer

To produce energy

Answer

To synthesize proteins

Answer

To store genetic material

Question 10

Which of the following is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in orchestrating the inflammatory response?

Accepted Answer

Interleukin-1

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Estrogen

Answer

Growth hormone

Question 11

What is the primary function of the complement system in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

To enhance the efficiency of phagocytosis

Answer

To directly kill pathogens

Answer

To produce antibodies

Answer

To regulate inflammation

Question 12

Which of the following is a type of acute phase protein?

Accepted Answer

C-reactive protein (CRP)

Answer

Hemoglobin

Answer

Albumin

Answer

Fibrin

Question 13

What is the primary goal of tissue repair?

Accepted Answer

To restore function and structural integrity

Answer

To eliminate the underlying cause of injury

Answer

To prevent infection

Answer

To promote inflammation

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of cell injury?

Accepted Answer

Enhanced cellular repair

Answer

ATP depletion

Answer

Excessive calcium influx

Answer

Activation of cell death signaling

Question 15

Which type of cell death is characterized by the intentional self-destruction of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Necrosis

Answer

Autophagy

Answer

Pyroptosis

Question 16

What is a key characteristic of oncogenic viruses?

Accepted Answer

They contain genes that induce uncontrolled cell division.

Answer

They are only spread through direct contact with infected individuals.

Answer

They only infect people with weakened immune systems.

Answer

They always have a short incubation period before symptoms appear.

Question 17

Which cytokine is a key mediator of inflammation and crucial for attracting white blood cells to the site of infection?

Accepted Answer

Interleukin-1

Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Hemoglobin

Answer

Insulin

Question 18

Which of the following is not a type of cell injury?

Accepted Answer

Metaplasia

Answer

Reversible cell injury

Answer

Irreversible cell injury

Answer

Necrosis

Question 19

Inflammation is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Permanence

Answer

Redness

Answer

Edema

Answer

Pain

Question 20

Which of the following is a mechanism of action of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?

Accepted Answer

Inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes

Answer

Stimulation of prostaglandin production

Answer

Blockade of leukotriene receptors

Answer

Enhancement of cortisol release

Question 21

Which event does **NOT** occur during the inflammatory response?

Accepted Answer

Vasoconstriction

Answer

Margination

Answer

Diapedesis

Answer

Chemotaxis

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of cell injury?

Accepted Answer

Adaptation

Answer

Oxidative stress

Answer

Ischemia

Answer

Necrosis

Question 23

What is the primary function of macrophages in the repair process?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytose cellular debris

Answer

Release growth factors

Answer

Produce collagen

Answer

Stimulate fibroblast proliferation

Question 24

Which of the following molecules is a key mediator of the innate immune response?

Accepted Answer

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)

Answer

Interleukin-6 (IL-6)

Answer

Interferon gamma (IFN-γ)

Answer

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

Question 25

What is the characteristic histological feature of necrosis?

Accepted Answer

Karyorrhexis

Answer

Pyknotic nuclei

Answer

Intact cell membrane

Answer

Preserved cellular architecture

Question 26

What is the primary function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Answer

Lipid synthesis

Answer

Carbohydrate metabolism

Answer

Energy production

Question 27

How does the extracellular matrix (ECM) contribute to tissue repair and regeneration?

Accepted Answer

Provides structural support for cell migration and differentiation

Answer

Regulates cell proliferation and inhibits cell differentiation

Answer

Promotes inflammation and prevents tissue regeneration

Question 28

Which cutting-edge treatment method targets the molecular causes of cell damage and disease?

Accepted Answer

Gene editing with CRISPR-Cas9

Answer

Antibiotic therapy

Answer

Supportive care

Answer

Lifestyle changes

Question 29

The inflammatory response is characterized by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Vasodilation, exudation, and leukocyte infiltration

Answer

Constriction of blood vessels

Answer

Inhibition of cell proliferation

Answer

Stimulation of tissue repair

Question 30

Necrosis is a term used to describe which type of cell death?

Accepted Answer

Accidental cell death

Answer

Programmed cell death

Answer

Inflammation-induced cell death

Answer

Reversible cell injury

Question 31

Which cellular organelle is responsible for digesting cellular debris during cell injury?

Accepted Answer

Lysosomes

Answer

Mitochondria

Answer

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 32

Which type of immune response is characterized by the recognition of specific antigens and the production of tailored antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Adaptive immunity

Answer

Innate immunity

Answer

Active immunity

Answer

Humoral immunity

Question 33

Which cell type is primarily responsible for phagocytosis, a process of engulfing and digesting foreign particles?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils

Answer

Lymphocytes

Answer

Platelets

Answer

Erythrocytes

Question 34

Which molecule is central to regulating cell growth and proliferation?

Accepted Answer

p53

Answer

TGF-β

Answer

VEGF

Answer

TNF-α

Question 35

Which process involves the replacement of damaged tissue with new tissue of the same type?

Accepted Answer

Regeneration

Answer

Inflammation

Answer

Fibrosis

Answer

Metaplasia

Question 36

Which type of genetic mutation is inherited and can cause genetic disorders?

Accepted Answer

Germline mutation

Answer

Somatic mutation

Answer

Nonsense mutation

Answer

Missense mutation

Question 37

Which type of cell death is characterized by a regulated and controlled process?

Accepted Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Necrosis

Answer

Oncosis

Answer

Pyroptosis

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT considered a mechanism of cell injury?

Accepted Answer

Enhanced protein synthesis

Answer

Depletion of ATP

Answer

Exposure to toxins

Answer

Mechanical trauma

Question 39

The process of tissue repair involves the following stages, in order:

Accepted Answer

Inflammation, proliferation, remodeling

Answer

Proliferation, inflammation, remodeling

Answer

Remodeling, inflammation, proliferation

Answer

Inflammation, remodeling, proliferation

Question 40

Which type of cell death is characterized by orderly disassembly and fragmentation of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Necrosis

Answer

Autophagy

Answer

Pyroptosis

Question 41

The production and release of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines is primarily regulated by:

Accepted Answer

NF-κB activation

Answer

MAPK signaling

Answer

PI3K pathway

Answer

Wnt signaling

Question 42

Programmed cell death that occurs in response to specific cellular signals is known as:

Accepted Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Necrosis

Answer

Autophagy

Answer

Necroptosis

Question 43

Which cellular organelle is responsible for energy production?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Answer

Ribosomes

Answer

Golgi apparatus

Answer

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 44

The process by which cells exchange signals with each other and their surroundings is known as:

Accepted Answer

Signal transduction

Answer

Gene expression

Answer

Metabolism

Answer

Transport

Question 45

The process of tissue repair typically occurs in which of the following sequential steps?

Accepted Answer

Granulation tissue formation, epithelialization, and functional restoration

Answer

Epithelialization, granulation tissue formation, and functional restoration

Answer

Functional restoration, epithelialization, and granulation tissue formation

Answer

Granulation tissue formation, functional restoration, and epithelialization

Question 46

Which of these cells is primarily responsible for engulfing and destroying pathogens?

Accepted Answer

Macrophages

Answer

Neutrophils

Answer

Eosinophils

Answer

Lymphocytes

Question 47

Which of the following cardinal signs does NOT characterize the inflammatory response?

Accepted Answer

Cough

Answer

Redness

Answer

Swelling

Answer

Heat

Question 48

Which process is crucial for repairing damaged tissue after injury?

Accepted Answer

Cell migration and proliferation

Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Necrosis

Answer

Fibrosis

Question 49

Which gene mutation is associated with the development of sickle cell anemia?

Accepted Answer

HBB

Answer

HBA

Answer

HBG

Answer

HBD

Question 50

Which autoimmune process is fundamental to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Destruction of insulin-producing beta cells

Answer

Impaired insulin sensitivity

Answer

Reduced insulin secretion

Answer

Increased insulin degradation

Question 51

Which immune cell type plays a central role in the pathophysiology of asthma?

Accepted Answer

Eosinophils

Answer

Neutrophils

Answer

Macrophages

Answer

Lymphocytes

Question 52

What is the primary function of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

To eliminate pathogens and damaged tissue

Answer

To promote tissue regeneration

Answer

To maintain body temperature

Answer

To enhance immune response

Question 53

What is the process by which damaged cells are removed and replaced with functional tissue?

Accepted Answer

Tissue repair

Answer

Cell death

Answer

Regeneration

Answer

Fibrosis

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of apoptosis?

Accepted Answer

Lysosomal enzyme release

Answer

Cell shrinkage

Answer

Nuclear fragmentation

Answer

Controlled cell death

Question 55

What is the primary function of antioxidants in cells?

Accepted Answer

To neutralize free radicals

Answer

To initiate protein synthesis

Answer

To repair damaged DNA

Answer

To enhance cell growth

Question 56

What is the primary function of the lysosomal system in cells?

Accepted Answer

Protein degradation

Answer

Lipid synthesis

Answer

Carbohydrate storage

Answer

Mitochondrial respiration

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT a recognized mechanism of cell injury?

Accepted Answer

Cell cycle progression

Answer

Hypoxia

Answer

Ischemia

Answer

Free radical damage

Question 58

What is the primary function of macrophages in the early stages of tissue repair?

Accepted Answer

Removal of cellular debris and pathogens

Answer

Promoting angiogenesis

Answer

Synthesizing collagen

Answer

Stimulating epithelial cell proliferation

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT a modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis?

Accepted Answer

Vigorous physical activity

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Smoking

Answer

Diabetes

Question 60

Which of the following is a type of cell death characterized by programmed cellular shrinkage and fragmentation?

Accepted Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Necrosis

Answer

Autophagy

Answer

Pyroptosis

Question 61

What is the principal function of the extracellular matrix?

Accepted Answer

Structural support and cell adhesion

Answer

Nutrient transport

Answer

Waste removal

Answer

Immune defense

Question 62

The inflammatory response is characterized by which of the following cardinal signs?

Accepted Answer

Redness, swelling, heat, pain

Answer

Fever, chills, fatigue

Answer

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

Answer

Cough, shortness of breath, chest pain

Question 63

Which of the following is a major mechanism of cell death in acute pancreatitis?

Accepted Answer

Necrosis

Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Autophagy

Answer

Pyroptosis

Question 64

Which of the following processes is characterized by an influx of calcium ions and activation of proteases, leading to cell death?

Accepted Answer

Necrosis

Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Autophagy

Answer

Anoikis