Parkinson's Disease: Pathophysiology and Nursing Care

Question 1

What is the name of the protein aggregation associated with Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Alpha-synuclein

Answer

Tau

Answer

Beta-amyloid

Answer

Prion

Question 2

What is the primary mechanism responsible for neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrial dysfunction

Answer

Excitotoxicity

Answer

Oxidative stress

Answer

Apoptosis

Question 3

Which of the following is a characteristic motor symptom of Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Bradykinesia

Answer

Hypertonia

Answer

Ataxia

Answer

Nystagmus

Question 4

Which environmental risk factor is associated with an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Exposure to pesticides

Answer

Head trauma

Answer

Smoking

Answer

Alcohol consumption

Question 5

Which type of imaging technique is commonly used to assist in diagnosing Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Computerized tomography (CT) scan

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Question 6

Depression is an example of a frequently experienced non-motor symptom associated with Parkinson's disease. True or False

Accepted Answer

True

Answer

False

Question 7

Which of the following are primary motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Tremor

Accepted Answer

Bradykinesia

Answer

Muscle weakness

Question 8

What is the primary neurotransmitter deficiency in Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Glutamate

Question 9

What is the primary risk factor for developing idiopathic Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Age

Answer

Family history

Answer

Exposure to toxins

Answer

Traumatic brain injury

Question 10

What is the primary mechanism by which dopamine deficiency leads to motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Impaired basal ganglia function

Answer

Increased glutamatergic activity

Answer

Reduced GABAergic activity

Answer

Alterations in serotonin metabolism

Question 11

Which of the following is a first-line pharmacological treatment for Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Levodopa

Answer

Dopamine agonists

Answer

Anticholinergics

Answer

MAO inhibitors

Question 12

When differentiating Parkinson's disease, which condition shares similar motor symptoms and should be considered?

Accepted Answer

Multiple system atrophy

Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Huntington's disease

Answer

Myasthenia gravis

Question 13

What is the primary neuropathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Lewy bodies

Answer

Amyloid plaques

Answer

Neurofibrillary tangles

Answer

Prions

Question 14

What is the name of the surgical procedure often used to alleviate the symptoms of advanced Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Deep brain stimulation

Answer

Pallidotomy

Answer

Thalamotomy

Answer

Vagus nerve stimulation

Question 15

Which drug is commonly prescribed as the first-line treatment for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Levodopa

Answer

Carbidopa

Answer

Pramipexole

Answer

Ropinirole

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a primary motor symptom of Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Ataxia

Answer

Bradykinesia

Answer

Tremor

Answer

Rigidity

Question 17

What is the predominant neurotransmitter deficiency associated with Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Glutamate

Answer

GABA

Question 18

Which basal ganglia structure is primarily affected in Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Substantia nigra

Answer

Basal ganglia

Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Cortex

Question 19

What is the primary goal of medical management in Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Suppressing symptoms and improving motor function

Answer

Modifying disease progression

Answer

Rehabilitating lost motor skills

Answer

Surgical intervention

Question 20

What is the name of the surgical procedure that involves implanting electrodes in the brain to alleviate motor symptoms in advanced Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

Answer

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)

Answer

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)

Answer

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Question 21

Which of the following is the defining neuropathological characteristic of Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Presence of Lewy bodies

Answer

Formation of amyloid plaques

Answer

Accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles

Answer

Development of cerebral infarcts

Question 22

What is the primary neurotransmitter deficiency in Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Glutamate

Question 23

Which of the following is not a typical motor symptom associated with Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Increased reflexes

Answer

Bradykinesia

Answer

Rigidity

Answer

Resting tremor

Question 24

What is the underlying mechanism responsible for the characteristic resting tremor in Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Reduced inhibitory input to the basal ganglia

Answer

Increased excitatory input to the cerebellum

Answer

Dysfunction of the substantia nigra

Answer

Impaired mitochondrial energy production

Question 25

What is the primary method for diagnosing Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Physical examination

Answer

Brain imaging

Answer

Biochemical testing

Answer

Genetic analysis

Question 26

Which medication is typically used as the initial treatment for Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Levodopa

Answer

Pramipexole

Answer

Ropinirole

Answer

Amantadine

Question 27

What is the primary goal of nursing care for patients with Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Managing symptoms

Answer

Preventing disease progression

Answer

Restoring cognitive function

Answer

Providing social support

Question 28

Which intervention is crucial for maintaining functional mobility in patients with Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Physical therapy

Answer

Occupational therapy

Answer

Speech therapy

Answer

Nutritional counseling

Question 29

Which gene is linked to an inherited form of Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

LRRK2 gene

Answer

Huntington's disease gene

Answer

Cystic fibrosis gene

Answer

Alzheimer's disease gene

Question 30

Which psychosocial challenge is commonly faced by individuals with Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Social isolation

Answer

Increased self-esteem

Answer

Improved cognitive function

Answer

Enhanced mood

Question 31

Which neurotransmitter deficiency is the primary cause of the motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Serotonin

Question 32

Which medication primarily enhances dopamine levels to alleviate Parkinson's symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Levodopa

Answer

Anticholinergics

Question 33

Which non-motor symptom is most commonly associated with Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Depression

Question 34

In physical therapy for Parkinson's disease, which technique is commonly used to improve mobility?

Accepted Answer

Gait training

Answer

Electrical stimulation

Question 35

In Parkinson's disease, how does oxidative stress primarily lead to neuronal damage?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrial dysfunction

Answer

Excitotoxicity

Question 36

Which neurotransmitter is primarily deficient in Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Norepinephrine

Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 37

What is the characteristic pathological finding in the brainstem of individuals with Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Lewy bodies

Answer

Beta-amyloid plaques

Answer

Tau tangles

Answer

Neurofibrillary inclusions

Question 38

Which of the following motor symptoms is typically NOT associated with early-stage Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Muscle weakness

Answer

Bradykinesia

Answer

Rigidity

Answer

Resting tremor

Question 39

What is the primary pharmacological approach to managing motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Dopaminergic agonists

Answer

Anticholinergics

Answer

MAO inhibitors

Answer

Opioid analgesics

Question 40

What is the strongest genetic risk factor associated with Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

LRRK2 mutation

Answer

BRCA1 mutation

Answer

CFTR mutation

Answer

Huntington's disease gene expansion

Question 41

How is the clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease typically made?

Accepted Answer

Physical and neurological examination

Answer

Laboratory tests

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 42

What is the histological hallmark of Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra

Answer

Formation of amyloid plaques in the cerebral cortex

Answer

Aggregation of tau proteins in the basal ganglia

Answer

Inflammation of the choroid plexus

Question 43

Which neurotransmitter is primarily affected in Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Glutamate

Question 44

Which of the following is a classic motor symptom of Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Bradykinesia

Answer

Hypertonia

Answer

Ataxia

Answer

Dystonia

Question 45

Which neuroimaging technique is commonly used to assess dopamine transporter activity in the brain of Parkinson's patients?

Accepted Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer

Computed tomography (CT)

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Question 46

What is the mainstay pharmacological treatment for Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Levodopa

Answer

Anticholinergics

Answer

Antipsychotics

Answer

Benzodiazepines

Question 47

In Parkinson's disease, which neurotransmitter is primarily deficient?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Norepinephrine

Question 48

What pathological hallmark characterizes Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Lewy bodies

Answer

Plaques and tangles

Answer

Neurofibrillary tangles

Answer

Granulovacuolar degeneration

Question 49

In Parkinson's disease, where does neuronal degeneration primarily occur?

Accepted Answer

Substantia nigra pars compacta

Answer

Caudate nucleus

Answer

Globus pallidus

Answer

Cerebellum

Question 50

What is the primary therapeutic goal in managing Parkinson's disease pharmacologically?

Accepted Answer

To restore dopamine levels

Answer

To reduce muscle stiffness

Answer

To prevent further neuronal degeneration

Answer

To improve sleep quality