Socialization and Deviance: Understanding Non-Conforming Behaviors

Question 1

Which of the following is a primary agent of socialization that has the most significant impact on an individual's development during childhood?

Accepted Answer

Family

Answer

Peer group

Answer

School

Answer

Media

Question 2

According to labeling theory, deviance is primarily defined by:

Accepted Answer

The subjective judgment of society

Answer

The inherent nature of certain behaviors

Answer

Biological or psychological factors

Answer

Economic circumstances

Question 3

Which of the following is a common consequence of deviance for individuals?

Accepted Answer

Stigmatization and social exclusion

Answer

Increased social support and acceptance

Answer

Enhanced employment opportunities

Answer

Improved physical and mental health

Question 4

According to the social learning theory, deviance is primarily learned through:

Accepted Answer

Observing and imitating the behavior of others

Answer

Genetic inheritance

Answer

Mental illness

Answer

Social isolation

Question 5

Which type of socialization occurs when individuals adopt the values and norms of a new group they join or transition into?

Accepted Answer

Resocialization

Answer

Primary socialization

Answer

Secondary socialization

Answer

Anticipatory socialization

Question 6

The concept of 'social control' refers to the:

Accepted Answer

Means by which society ensures conformity to norms and values

Answer

Influence of peers on individual behavior alone

Answer

Ability of individuals to resist societal pressures

Answer

Effectiveness of law enforcement in deterring crime exclusively

Question 7

The process by which individuals internalize social norms and values is known as:

Accepted Answer

Socialization

Answer

Acculturation

Answer

Enculturation

Answer

Assimilation

Question 8

The 'looking-glass self' theory suggests that individuals develop a sense of self based on:

Accepted Answer

How others perceive them and how they believe others perceive them

Answer

How they perceive themselves

Answer

Their genetic makeup

Answer

Their social class

Question 9

The 'labeling theory' of deviance suggests that:

Accepted Answer

Deviance is created by social reactions and labeling from others

Answer

Deviant behavior is innate and unchangeable

Answer

Society is solely responsible for preventing deviance

Answer

Individuals are completely responsible for their deviant acts

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a major agent of socialization, according to sociologists?

Accepted Answer

Government

Answer

Family

Answer

Peer groups

Answer

Mass media

Question 11

The process of internalizing societal norms and values is known as:

Accepted Answer

Socialization

Answer

Acculturation

Answer

Assimilation

Answer

Integration

Question 12

Which of the following theories places emphasis on the role of social learning in shaping behavior?

Accepted Answer

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer

Social Conflict Theory

Answer

Social Exchange Theory

Answer

Structural Functionalism

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of negative socialization?

Accepted Answer

Learning to be aggressive

Answer

Learning to respect others

Answer

Learning to share

Answer

Learning to obey the law

Question 14

Deviance is often defined as:

Accepted Answer

Any behavior that violates societal norms

Answer

Behavior that is harmful to others

Answer

Behavior that is illegal

Answer

Behavior that is considered strange or unusual

Question 15

The concept of 'hidden curriculum' in socialization refers to:

Accepted Answer

The norms and values that are indirectly taught through interactions and experiences

Answer

The explicit lessons and instructions that are formally taught in schools

Answer

The beliefs and practices that are passed down from one generation to the next

Answer

The cultural values that are embedded in society's language and symbols

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a primary agent of socialization, according to sociologists?

Accepted Answer

Workplace

Answer

Family

Answer

Peers

Answer

Educational institutions

Question 17

The process by which society's norms and values are transmitted to individuals is known as:

Accepted Answer

Socialization

Answer

Social conformity

Answer

Peer pressure

Answer

Enculturation

Question 18

Which sociological theory emphasizes the key role of social interaction in shaping an individual's self-concept?

Accepted Answer

Symbolic interactionism theory

Answer

Social learning theory

Answer

Psychoanalytic theory

Answer

Conflict theory

Question 19

The norms and values that guide individuals' behavior within a social group are known as:

Accepted Answer

Cultural norms

Answer

Social scripts

Answer

Group codes

Answer

Societal expectations

Question 20

Which theory proposes that labeling individuals as deviant can reinforce and perpetuate deviant behavior?

Accepted Answer

Labeling theory

Answer

Anomie theory

Answer

Differential association theory

Answer

Strain theory

Question 21

Which of the following factors is unlikely to contribute to the development of deviant behavior?

Accepted Answer

Strong religious beliefs

Answer

Peer pressure

Answer

Lack of social support

Answer

Genetics

Question 22

The process by which individuals adapt and integrate the norms and values of a new culture is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Acculturation

Answer

Assimilation

Answer

Cultural diffusion

Answer

Ethnocentrism

Question 23

The process by which individuals incorporate societal norms and values into their own belief systems is known as:

Accepted Answer

Internalization

Answer

Conformity

Answer

Imitation

Answer

Sanctioning

Question 24

Which of the following is considered a crucial primary agent of socialization?

Accepted Answer

The family unit

Answer

Close peer groups

Answer

Formal schooling institutions

Answer

Influential mass media

Question 25

Which sociological theory emphasizes the influence of social inequality and economic disparities in explaining deviance?

Accepted Answer

Strain theory

Answer

Social control theory

Answer

Labeling theory

Answer

Differential association theory

Question 26

Which process involves individuals acquiring the values and behaviors of their society?

Accepted Answer

Internalizing social norms and beliefs

Answer

Conforming to group expectations

Answer

Deviating from societal norms

Answer

Participating in social interactions

Question 27

Which of the following is an example of an early or primary socialization agent?

Accepted Answer

The immediate and extended family

Answer

Formal educational institutions like schools

Answer

Close peer groups and friendships

Answer

Professional workplaces and organizations

Question 28

How can deviance impact both individuals and society? Provide specific examples to support your answer.

Accepted Answer

Deviance can lead to social isolation and stigma for individuals, and it can weaken social bonds and trust within society. For example, people who engage in criminal activity or substance abuse may face rejection and discrimination, which can harm their mental and physical health.

Answer

Deviance is always harmful to society and should be punished severely. Any form of deviance, no matter what it is, should be condemned and punished to maintain order.

Answer

Individuals are solely responsible for their deviant behavior, regardless of external factors or societal influences. Deviance is a conscious choice, and individuals should be held accountable for their actions.

Question 29

How do primary and secondary socialization shape our views on what's considered deviant behavior?

Accepted Answer

Primary socialization teaches us basic societal norms, which are then expanded upon and reinforced through secondary socialization.

Answer

Secondary socialization has a stronger influence on our views of deviance than primary socialization.

Answer

Socialization has no impact on how we perceive deviant behavior.

Answer

The effects of primary and secondary socialization on our views of deviance are contradictory.

Question 30

What is the core purpose of resocialization?

Accepted Answer

Learning new values, beliefs, and behaviors.

Answer

Gradually changing existing behaviors.

Answer

Completely erasing past learning.

Answer

Encouraging voluntary participation.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a key factor contributing to deviance according to sociological theories?

Accepted Answer

Personality traits

Answer

Social inequality

Answer

Economic disparities

Answer

Lack of social support

Question 32

The process by which individuals learn the values, beliefs, and behaviors expected of them by their society is known as

Accepted Answer

Socialization

Answer

Acculturation

Answer

Enculturation

Answer

Indoctrination

Question 33

The theory of differential association proposes that:

Accepted Answer

Individuals who have more contact with deviant individuals are more likely to engage in deviant behavior.

Answer

Individuals who are exposed to both positive and negative influences are more likely to engage in deviant behavior.

Answer

Individuals who lack self-control are more likely to engage in deviant behavior.

Answer

Individuals who have experienced trauma are more likely to engage in deviant behavior.

Question 34

Socialization is a lifelong process that occurs through both intentional and unintentional means.

Accepted Answer

True

Answer

False

Question 35

The process by which individuals adopt the values and beliefs of a culture is termed:

Accepted Answer

Enculturation

Answer

Socialization

Answer

Acculturation

Answer

Assimilation

Question 36

Which theory of deviance emphasizes the role of social control in maintaining conformity?

Accepted Answer

Social control theory

Answer

Strain theory

Answer

Labeling theory

Answer

Differential association theory

Question 37

The process of learning the norms and values of a new culture is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Acculturation

Answer

Socialization

Answer

Enculturation

Answer

Assimilation

Question 38

Which type of deviance involves individuals who reject both societal goals and the legitimate means of achieving them?

Accepted Answer

Retreatist deviance

Answer

Conformist deviance

Answer

Innovator deviance

Answer

Ritualistic deviance

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a key factor contributing to deviance, according to mainstream theories?

Accepted Answer

Strong moral values

Answer

Lack of social integration

Answer

Differential opportunity structure

Answer

Peer pressure

Question 40

According to the social learning theory, deviance is primarily learned through:

Accepted Answer

Observing and imitating others

Answer

Genetic predispositions

Answer

Neurological imbalances

Question 41

Which of the following best describes the role of socialization in shaping attitudes towards deviance?

Accepted Answer

Teaches individuals the norms and expectations of society, promoting conformity and discouraging non-conforming behaviors.

Answer

Allows individuals to express their personal beliefs and values freely, regardless of societal norms.

Answer

Does not significantly influence individuals' attitudes towards deviance.

Question 42

What is the primary distinguishing characteristic of primary deviance?

Accepted Answer

Minor deviations from social norms that do not elicit severe reactions

Answer

Serious violations of societal expectations that trigger negative sanctions

Answer

Behaviors that are considered acceptable in one society but deviant in another

Question 43

Which of the following is a potential consequence of being labeled as deviant for individuals?

Accepted Answer

Stigmatization, social isolation, and diminished opportunities

Answer

Increased self-esteem, social acceptance, and enhanced opportunities

Answer

No significant consequences beyond the initial labeling

Question 44

Differential association theory suggests that deviance is primarily learned through:

Accepted Answer

Close and frequent contact with individuals who engage in deviant behaviors

Answer

Exposure to positive role models who demonstrate prosocial values

Answer

Biological factors, such as genetic predispositions or neurological imbalances

Question 45

According to Durkheim, anomie refers to:

Accepted Answer

A state of social normlessness and disorganization, often resulting from rapid social change

Answer

A lack of social integration, leading to feelings of isolation and alienation

Answer

A rapid increase in crime rates, which disrupts social order and stability

Question 46

Which of the following is a type of formal social control?

Accepted Answer

Laws, regulations, and criminal justice sanctions

Answer

Peer pressure, social norms, and informal group expectations

Answer

Religious teachings and moral values

Question 47

According to Mead's theory, the self is developed through:

Accepted Answer

Social interaction, role-taking, and the internalization of societal norms

Answer

Biological instincts and genetic predispositions

Answer

Individual introspection and self-reflection

Question 48

Which sociological perspective places emphasis on the influence of societal structures and institutions in shaping individual behaviors, including deviance?

Accepted Answer

Structural Functionalism

Answer

Feminist Theory

Answer

Conflict Theory

Answer

Symbolic Interactionism

Question 49

Labeling theory suggests that the reaction of society plays a significant role in shaping the perception of deviance. How does this societal response contribute to the creation and perpetuation of deviant behavior?

Accepted Answer

By attaching labels to individuals and assigning negative characteristics, leading to reinforcement of deviant behavior and self-fulfilling prophecies.

Answer

By providing opportunities for individuals to break free from societal norms

Answer

By reducing the negative stigma associated with unconventional behaviors

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT considered a primary agent of socialization, the process through which individuals acquire norms, values, and beliefs?

Accepted Answer

Workplace

Answer

Family

Answer

School

Answer

Peer Group

Question 51

Social control mechanisms play a crucial role in maintaining stability and order within societies. How do these mechanisms contribute to preventing and deterring deviant behaviors?

Accepted Answer

By instilling fear of punishments and offering rewards for conformity, effectively discouraging individuals from engaging in deviant acts.

Answer

By promoting extreme individualism and personal freedom

Answer

By weakening social bonds and escalating conflicts within society

Question 52

Primary deviance is a type of deviant behavior that typically arises in response to societal constraints and expectations. Which of the following best characterizes primary deviance?

Accepted Answer

It is a relatively minor deviation from established norms and is often seen as a response to societal pressures.

Answer

It involves major violations of deeply ingrained social norms

Answer

It results in severe societal rejection and stigmatization

Question 53

Anomie theory attempts to explain the relationship between societal structures and the prevalence of deviant behaviors. What is the central argument of this theory?

Accepted Answer

It suggests that a lack of clear social norms and conflicting expectations within society can lead to a state of normlessness, increasing the likelihood of deviant behavior.

Answer

It argues that deviance is a form of social rebellion against oppressive structures

Answer

It emphasizes the influence of early childhood socialization experiences in shaping deviant tendencies

Question 54

Deviant behaviors can have significant consequences for individuals engaging in them. Which of the following is a potential negative outcome of deviant behavior?

Accepted Answer

Social isolation and rejection due to negative societal reactions and disapproval

Answer

Elevated social status and admiration

Answer

Enhanced self-esteem and increased confidence

Question 55

The media plays a significant role in shaping societal perceptions and attitudes. How does the media influence public views and understandings of deviant behaviors?

Accepted Answer

By selectively portraying certain behaviors as deviant, reinforcing stereotypes and shaping public opinion

Answer

By challenging societal norms and promoting greater tolerance and acceptance of diverse behaviors

Answer

By providing objective and unbiased information on the causes and consequences of deviant behaviors

Question 56

Preventing deviant behaviors is crucial for maintaining social order. Which of the following is an effective strategy for preventing deviance in society?

Accepted Answer

Strengthening social bonds, providing positive role models, and promoting a sense of belonging and purpose

Answer

Increasing surveillance and implementing harsher punishments

Answer

Adopting a laissez-faire approach and tolerating all forms of behavior

Question 57

Social change is an inevitable aspect of societies, and it can have significant implications for the definition and understanding of deviant behaviors. How does social change impact the boundaries of deviance?

Accepted Answer

It can lead to the emergence of new behaviors being labeled as deviant or the acceptance of previously deviant behaviors as societal norms shift

Answer

Social change has no bearing on societal definitions and perceptions of deviant behaviors