Causes of Crime: Delve into the Factors Behind Criminal Behavior

Question 1

Environmental factors, such as lead exposure, have been associated with increased risk of:

Accepted Answer

A and B only

Answer

Learning difficulties

Answer

Behavioral issues

Answer

Criminal involvement

Question 2

The concept of 'differential association' is primarily associated with which theory of crime causation?

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory

Answer

Control theory

Answer

Anomie theory

Answer

Rational choice theory

Question 3

Analyze the influence of social and environmental factors on criminal behavior. Evaluate the efficacy of interventions designed to reduce the impact of these factors.

Accepted Answer

Addressing poverty and inequality can effectively mitigate the impact of social and environmental factors on crime.

Answer

Social and environmental factors are the exclusive causes of criminal behavior.

Answer

Increased policing and surveillance are sufficient to prevent crime.

Answer

Criminal behavior is primarily a result of individual choices.

Question 4

According to social learning theory, individuals learn criminal behavior primarily through:

Accepted Answer

Both observation and reinforcement

Answer

Observing and imitating others' actions

Answer

Direct reinforcement of criminal behaviors

Answer

Cognitive processes that justify deviant行為

Question 5

A key principle of deterrence theory is that:

Accepted Answer

Punishment for crimes should be swift, certain, and severe

Answer

Punishment should be tailored to the specific crime and offender

Answer

Punishment should only be used as a last resort

Answer

Punishment is not effective in deterring crime

Question 6

Identify a biological factor that can influence criminal behavior:

Accepted Answer

Elevated levels of testosterone hormone

Answer

History of mental health disorders

Answer

Witnessing violent events

Answer

Limited access to educational opportunities

Question 7

Which psychological trait is strongly associated with an increased risk of criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Antisocial personality disorder

Answer

Bipolar disorder

Answer

Schizophrenia

Answer

Generalized anxiety disorder

Question 8

Which of the following is a preventative measure proven effective in reducing juvenile delinquency?

Accepted Answer

Implementing after-school programs and activities

Answer

Increasing police presence in areas with high crime rates

Answer

Lowering the minimum age for criminal responsibility

Answer

Expanding the use of juvenile detention facilities

Question 9

What is a fundamental distinction between social deviance and crime?

Accepted Answer

Social deviance is defined by societal norms, whereas crime is defined by law

Answer

Social deviance is always considered harmful, while crime is not

Answer

Social deviance is more prevalent among young people, while crime is more common among adults

Answer

There is no difference between social deviance and crime

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of criminal behavior for individuals?

Accepted Answer

Enhanced social status

Answer

Imprisonment

Answer

Loss of employment

Answer

Social stigma and prejudice

Question 11

How does the media shape public perceptions of crime?

Accepted Answer

By sensationalizing certain crimes and triggering moral panics

Answer

By offering accurate and unbiased data on crime rates

Answer

By alleviating public fears and anxieties about crime

Answer

By advocating restorative justice practices

Question 12

Which principle underpins the labeling theory of crime?

Accepted Answer

Society's labeling of individuals as criminals leads them to adopt criminal behavior

Answer

Criminal behavior is learned through social interactions

Answer

Crime stems from biological and psychological factors

Answer

Punishment is the most effective deterrent to crime

Question 13

According to social control theory, what key factor explains the causes of crime?

Accepted Answer

Individuals with weak social bonds are more likely to engage in crime

Answer

Crime is a result of socialization processes that emphasize conformity

Answer

Economic inequality leads to crime due to feelings of deprivation and frustration

Answer

The justice system is incapable of effectively preventing crime

Question 14

How do social and cultural norms shape criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Norms set boundaries for acceptable behavior, reducing the likelihood of deviance.

Answer

Norms have no influence on criminal behavior.

Answer

Norms promote criminal behavior by providing excuses for certain actions.

Answer

Norms only apply in traditional societies.

Question 15

Which intervention has been proven most effective in reducing crime rates over the long term?

Accepted Answer

Providing better education and job opportunities

Answer

Increasing police presence on the streets

Answer

Making criminal sentences more severe

Question 16

The concept of 'anomie' in criminology refers to:

Accepted Answer

A state of normlessness

Answer

A lack of social control

Answer

A belief in the legitimacy of authority

Answer

A state of social cohesion

Question 17

According to the General Theory of Crime, individuals engage in crime because they lack:

Accepted Answer

Self-control

Answer

Social opportunities

Answer

Economic resources

Answer

Parental support

Question 18

The primary goal of crime prevention programs is to:

Accepted Answer

Reduce the likelihood of criminal behavior

Answer

Assist former criminals in reintegrating into society

Answer

Increase the severity of punishments for crime

Answer

Generate revenue for law enforcement agencies

Question 19

In criminal justice, how should we ethically use biological factors to predict or explain criminal behavior? Consider fairness, accuracy, and privacy.

Accepted Answer

Ethical guidelines should be followed when using biological factors in criminal justice, focusing on fairness, accuracy, and privacy.

Answer

Biological factors should always be used in criminal justice because they can help prevent crime.

Answer

Biological factors should never be used to explain criminal behavior because it could lead to discrimination.

Answer

Predicting criminal behavior using biological factors is always an invasion of privacy.

Question 20

Which of the following biological factors has NOT been linked to criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Social upbringing

Answer

Genetic predisposition

Answer

Neurological abnormalities

Answer

Hormonal imbalances

Question 21

What is the name of the urban theory that emphasizes the role of social disorganization in crime?

Accepted Answer

Social ecology theory

Answer

Broken windows theory

Answer

Containment theory

Answer

Social control theory

Question 22

What is a key element of restorative justice?

Accepted Answer

Bringing victims and offenders together to resolve conflicts

Answer

Emphasizing punishment and retribution

Answer

Focusing on reforming the criminal justice system

Answer

Reducing the role of the state in criminal matters

Question 23

Which biological factor has been associated with increased aggression and criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Elevated testosterone levels

Answer

Genetic abnormalities

Answer

Physical disabilities

Answer

Lower intelligence

Question 24

According to social learning theory, individuals acquire criminal behavior primarily through:

Accepted Answer

Observation and reinforcement

Answer

Genetic predisposition and environmental influences

Answer

Economic hardship and social injustice

Answer

Mental illness and personality disorders

Question 25

Which sociological factor is strongly correlated with higher crime rates?

Accepted Answer

Poverty and income disparity

Answer

Strong family bonds and support

Answer

High educational attainment

Answer

Social cohesiveness and community connections

Question 26

Labeling theory posits that labeling individuals as criminals:

Accepted Answer

Can reinforce negative self-perceptions and perpetuate criminal behavior

Answer

Provides opportunities for rehabilitation and redemption

Answer

Has no significant impact on behavior

Answer

Leads to increased social acceptance and conformity

Question 27

Which type of environmental factor creates opportunities for and motivates criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Physical decay and disorder

Answer

Strong community support and resources

Answer

Economic prosperity and stable employment

Answer

Access to quality education and healthcare

Question 28

Which economic factor has been linked to higher rates of property crime?

Accepted Answer

Unemployment and economic deprivation

Answer

High levels of income inequality

Answer

Access to affordable housing and stable jobs

Answer

Availability of social welfare programs and services

Question 29

Conflict theory argues that the root cause of crime in society is:

Accepted Answer

Struggles between social classes and economic inequalities

Answer

Social disorganization and lack of opportunities

Answer

Biological and psychological factors

Answer

Moral decay and erosion of values

Question 30

The environmental crime perspective differs from other theories of crime by:

Accepted Answer

Focusing on how the built environment influences opportunities for crime

Answer

Emphasizing the role of individual choice and personal responsibility

Answer

Dismissing the influence of social and biological factors

Answer

Using a narrow definition of crime that excludes many offenses

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a biological factor associated with criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Academic achievement

Answer

Genetic predisposition

Answer

Neurological abnormalities

Answer

Hormonal imbalances

Question 32

Labeling theory emphasizes which factor as a key contributor to criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Social stigma

Answer

Economic deprivation

Answer

Family dysfunction

Answer

Biological predispositions

Question 33

Which theory proposes that crime results from social inequality and economic deprivation?

Accepted Answer

Strain theory

Answer

Rational choice theory

Answer

Control theory

Answer

Social learning theory

Question 34

Social learning theory suggests that criminal behavior is primarily acquired through:

Accepted Answer

Observational learning

Answer

Biological inheritance

Answer

Reinforcement and punishment

Answer

Economic circumstances

Question 35

Which type of crime involves sophisticated planning and organization?

Accepted Answer

White-collar crime

Answer

Violent crime

Answer

Street crime

Answer

Property crime

Question 36

Which government policy has been criticized for contributing to mass incarceration in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Mandatory minimum sentencing

Answer

Community policing

Answer

Diversion programs

Answer

Restorative justice

Question 37

Rational choice theory proposes that individuals are more likely to commit a crime when they perceive that:

Accepted Answer

The benefits outweigh the costs

Answer

The costs outweigh the benefits

Answer

The risks are minimal

Answer

The punishment will be severe

Question 38

How can family life and the way parents raise their children affect whether a person might engage in criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Parents who are warm, set clear rules, and communicate well with their children tend to have kids with a lower chance of delinquency.

Answer

Children from single-parent homes are more likely to be involved in crime.

Answer

Parents who set few rules and have low expectations have no clear effect on their children's criminal behavior.

Answer

Genes play a bigger role than family life in determining criminal behavior.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT considered a biological factor contributing to criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

High intelligence quotient (IQ)

Answer

Genetic predispositions

Answer

Hormonal imbalances

Question 40

According to social learning theory, individuals acquire criminal behaviors primarily through:

Accepted Answer

Observing and imitating others

Answer

Instinctive drives

Answer

Genetic inheritance

Answer

Exposure to traumatic events

Question 41

Which key concept in strain theory explains the discrepancy between aspirations and the means to achieve them?

Accepted Answer

Anomie

Answer

Social control

Answer

Labeling

Answer

Differential association

Question 42

Opportunity theory suggests that crime is more likely to occur when there is a:

Accepted Answer

Lack of capable guardianship

Answer

Abundance of legitimate opportunities

Answer

Strong sense of community belonging

Answer

Heightened social control

Question 43

Which crime prevention strategy has been proven effective in reducing crime rates?

Accepted Answer

Community-oriented policing

Answer

Zero-tolerance policing

Answer

Enhanced capital punishment

Answer

Mass incarceration

Question 44

The term 'white-collar crime' refers to crimes committed by:

Accepted Answer

Individuals in positions of power and trust

Answer

Individuals motivated solely by financial gain

Answer

Members of organized crime syndicates

Question 45

A defining characteristic of corporate crime is its:

Accepted Answer

Reliance on deception or fraud

Answer

Typically solitary nature

Answer

Frequent lack of punishment due to insufficient evidence

Answer

Inherent violent nature

Question 46

In criminology, the concept of 'labeling' refers to:

Accepted Answer

The process of assigning a criminal identity to an individual

Answer

The process of identifying criminals through law enforcement investigations

Answer

The process of rehabilitating convicted criminals

Question 47

When determining the severity of a criminal sentence, one of the most influential factors considered is:

Accepted Answer

Prior criminal history

Answer

Socioeconomic background of the accused

Answer

Gender of the accused

Answer

Race of the accused

Question 48

Restorative justice prioritizes:

Accepted Answer

Repairing the harm caused by criminal acts

Answer

Deterring crime through fear of severe punishment

Answer

Preventing future crimes by incapacitating criminals

Answer

Imposing harsh penalties on criminals

Question 49

Which theory suggests that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others, especially within close social groups?

Accepted Answer

Differential Association Theory

Answer

Social Control Theory

Answer

Strain Theory

Question 50

A young person growing up in a poverty-stricken neighborhood with limited opportunities is more likely to engage in criminal behavior due to which theory?

Accepted Answer

Strain Theory

Answer

Rational Choice Theory

Answer

Biological Theories of Crime

Answer

Social Disorganization Theory

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT a primary factor contributing to social disorganization, a condition often linked to higher crime rates?

Accepted Answer

Strong community ties

Answer

High poverty rates

Answer

Residential instability

Question 52

The idea that individuals are less likely to commit crimes if they have strong social bonds is a central concept in which theory?

Accepted Answer

Social Control Theory

Answer

Rational Choice Theory

Answer

Labeling Theory

Answer

Differential Association Theory

Question 53

When society labels someone as a 'delinquent,' they may internalize this label and engage in further criminal behavior. This phenomenon is known as:

Accepted Answer

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Answer

Differential Association

Answer

Social Disorganization

Answer

Social Strain

Question 54

Which of the following biological factors has been linked to an increased risk of criminal behavior?

Accepted Answer

Low levels of serotonin

Answer

Strong social connections

Answer

High levels of empathy

Answer

High levels of intelligence

Question 55

The idea that individuals carefully weigh the potential costs and benefits before committing a crime is a key principle of which theory?

Accepted Answer

Rational Choice Theory

Answer

Social Learning Theory

Answer

Strain Theory

Answer

Labeling Theory

Question 56

A study examining the link between childhood trauma and the likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior is investigating which type of cause of crime?

Accepted Answer

Psychological factors

Answer

Environmental factors

Answer

Biological factors

Answer

Social factors

Question 57

The availability of firearms and the prevalence of drug use in a community are examples of which type of factor contributing to crime?

Accepted Answer

Environmental factors

Answer

Psychological factors

Answer

Social factors

Answer

Biological factors

Question 58

A society with high levels of income inequality, where some individuals have limited opportunities for advancement, is more likely to experience high crime rates due to which theory?

Accepted Answer

Strain Theory

Answer

Labeling Theory

Answer

Social Control Theory

Answer

Differential Association Theory