Attention and Memory: Essential Concepts for Educators

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a component of working memory?

Accepted Answer

Semantic memory

Answer

Phonological loop

Answer

Visuospatial sketchpad

Answer

Episodic buffer

Question 2

Which type of memory is responsible for storing our general knowledge and facts about the world?

Accepted Answer

Semantic memory

Answer

Working memory

Answer

Procedural memory

Answer

Episodic memory

Question 3

The process of actively transferring information from working memory into long-term memory is called:

Accepted Answer

Encoding

Answer

Retrieval

Answer

Storage

Answer

Rehearsal

Question 4

Which of the following is a characteristic of distributed practice?

Accepted Answer

Spreading out study sessions over time

Answer

Studying a large amount of material at once

Answer

Reviewing material immediately before a test

Answer

Rereading material multiple times in a short period

Question 5

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, when does cognitive performance tend to be optimal?

Accepted Answer

When arousal is moderate

Answer

When arousal is very high

Answer

When arousal is very low

Answer

When arousal is nonexistent

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a type of attention?

Accepted Answer

Automatic processing

Answer

Selective attention

Answer

Sustained attention

Answer

Divided attention

Question 7

What is the term for the ability to shift attention between different tasks or stimuli?

Accepted Answer

Attentional control

Answer

Inhibition

Answer

Working memory capacity

Answer

Long-term memory retrieval

Question 8

The tendency for individuals to remember information that is personally relevant is known as the:

Accepted Answer

Self-reference effect

Answer

Primacy effect

Answer

Recency effect

Answer

Availability heuristic

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a type of long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

Working memory

Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Semantic memory

Answer

Procedural memory

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a core component of working memory, according to the multi-component model?

Accepted Answer

Episodic buffer

Answer

Phonological loop

Answer

Visuospatial sketchpad

Answer

Central executive

Question 11

What type of memory is characterized by its limited capacity, temporary storage, and rapid forgetting?

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory

Answer

Sensory memory

Answer

Long-term memory

Answer

Episodic memory

Question 12

What is the primary function of the phonological loop in working memory?

Accepted Answer

Storing and processing verbal and linguistic information

Answer

Storing visual information

Answer

Inhibiting irrelevant information

Answer

Managing attentional resources

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of an implicit memory task?

Accepted Answer

Recognizing a familiar face

Answer

Recalling a grocery list

Answer

Solving a math problem

Answer

Writing a narrative essay

Question 14

What is the key difference between recall and recognition in memory retrieval?

Accepted Answer

Recall involves retrieving information from memory without cues, while recognition involves identifying previously encountered information.

Answer

Recognition involves retrieving information from memory without cues, while recall involves identifying previously encountered information.

Answer

Both recall and recognition involve retrieving information from memory, but only recall requires cues.

Answer

There is no difference between recall and recognition.

Question 15

Which type of long-term memory is responsible for storing facts and events?

Accepted Answer

Semantic memory

Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Procedural memory

Answer

Implicit memory

Question 16

Which of the following is a hallmark of implicit memory?

Accepted Answer

It involves procedural knowledge.

Answer

It is consciously accessible.

Answer

It is easily forgotten.

Answer

It is not affected by changes in context.

Question 17

Which type of retrieval involves reproducing information from memory without the aid of external cues?

Accepted Answer

Recall

Answer

Recognition

Answer

Reconstruction

Answer

Priming

Question 18

Which research method allows researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships?

Accepted Answer

Experimental study

Answer

Observational study

Answer

Interview

Answer

Focus group

Question 19

Which component is NOT part of working memory?

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Phonological loop

Answer

Central executive

Answer

Visuo-spatial sketchpad

Question 20

Which memory process involves retrieving information from long-term storage into conscious awareness?

Accepted Answer

Retrieval

Answer

Encoding

Answer

Storage

Answer

Consolidation

Question 21

Which neurotransmitter is closely associated with attention processes?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Norepinephrine

Answer

GABA

Question 22

Which theory of attention proposes that we can only process a limited amount of information at any given time?

Accepted Answer

Capacity theory

Answer

Filter theory

Answer

Attenuation theory

Answer

Resource theory

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a known factor that can influence attention?

Accepted Answer

Innate intelligence

Answer

Personal motivation

Answer

Difficulty of the task

Answer

Age

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of procedural memory?

Accepted Answer

Being explicit and conscious

Answer

Storing knowledge of skills and habits

Answer

Developing relatively slowly

Answer

Being less prone to forgetting

Question 25

How do rehearsal and elaboration improve memory retention?

Accepted Answer

Rehearsal strengthens memories by repeating information, while elaboration connects it to existing knowledge.

Answer

Rehearsal alone is enough for strong memory retention because it keeps information active in working memory.

Answer

Elaboration involves creating new information, which doesn't affect memory retention.

Question 26

What is a key goal of educational psychology in the context of attention and memory?

Accepted Answer

Creating effective techniques to improve attention and memory in educational environments

Answer

Comprehending the neurological foundation of attention and memory

Answer

Diagnosing and treating individuals with attention and memory impairments

Answer

Examining the cognitive processes underlying attention and memory

Question 27

Which of the following is a cultural factor that influences attention and memory?

Accepted Answer

Classroom norms

Answer

Age

Answer

Genetics

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of attention?  Select the option that accurately describes a feature of attention that is not typically mentioned in psychological literature.

Accepted Answer

It is involuntary.

Answer

It is selective, allowing us to prioritize certain stimuli over others.

Answer

It can be focused and divided among multiple tasks.

Answer

It is fleeting, lasting only briefly before shifting to other stimuli.

Question 29

What is the term for the temporary storage and manipulation of information?  Select the option that provides the most precise and widely accepted term for this cognitive process.

Accepted Answer

Working memory

Answer

Long-term memory, which stores permanent memories.

Answer

Sensory memory, which temporarily holds sensory information.

Answer

Episodic memory, which stores personal experiences.

Question 30

Which of the following is a research-supported strategy for improving memory?  Select the option that identifies a technique that has been empirically shown to enhance memory performance.

Accepted Answer

Chunking information

Answer

Relying solely on visual aids, as visual cues can be unreliable.

Answer

Cramming all night before a test, as this can lead to poor sleep and impaired memory consolidation.

Answer

Avoiding retrieval practice, which involves actively trying to recall information.

Question 31

What is the process by which information is consciously retrieved from long-term memory?  Select the option that accurately describes the conscious, effortful process of accessing stored memories.

Accepted Answer

Recall

Answer

Encoding, which is the process of converting sensory information into a form that can be stored in memory.

Answer

Recognition, which involves identifying previously encountered information.

Answer

Rehearsal, which involves repeating information to maintain it in working memory.

Question 32

What is the term for the disruption of attention caused by external stimuli?  Select the option that provides the most accurate and commonly used term for this phenomenon.

Accepted Answer

Distraction

Answer

Inhibition, which refers to the suppression of unwanted thoughts or actions.

Answer

Recall, which is the process of retrieving information from memory.

Answer

Concentration, which refers to the focused application of attention to a task.

Question 33

What is a mnemonic device?  Select the option that best defines a mnemonic device and its purpose.

Accepted Answer

A strategy to enhance memory

Answer

A disorder that affects memory and cognitive functioning.

Answer

A measure of attention span and cognitive abilities.

Answer

A type of long-term memory that stores procedural knowledge.

Question 34

Which of the following is a common symptom of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children?  Select the option that accurately describes a core symptom associated with ADHD.

Accepted Answer

Difficulty sustaining attention

Answer

Excessive sleepiness, which is not typically a symptom of ADHD.

Answer

Social anxiety, which is not a primary symptom of ADHD but can be a comorbid condition.

Answer

Impaired language skills, which are more commonly associated with developmental language disorders.

Question 35

What is a primary function of the prefrontal cortex in relation to attention?  Select the option that accurately describes the role of the prefrontal cortex in attentional processes.

Accepted Answer

Inhibiting distractions

Answer

Storing long-term memories, which is primarily a function of the hippocampus.

Answer

Controlling motor skills, which is associated with the motor cortex.

Answer

Processing visual information, which is a function of the occipital lobe.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a component of working memory?

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory

Answer

Visuospatial sketchpad

Answer

Central executive

Answer

Phonological loop

Question 37

What type of memory is responsible for storing memories for an extended period of time?

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory

Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Sensory memory

Answer

Working memory

Question 38

Which of the following is a strategy that can improve memory retention?

Accepted Answer

Chunking

Answer

Cramming

Answer

Multitasking

Answer

Avoiding repetition

Question 39

What is the process by which information is moved from working memory to long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

Consolidation

Answer

Encoding

Answer

Retrieval

Answer

Recognition

Question 40

What is the term for the ability to maintain focus on a specific task for an extended period of time?

Accepted Answer

Sustained attention

Answer

Alternating attention

Answer

Divided attention

Answer

Selective attention

Question 41

Which of the following is a common symptom of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

Accepted Answer

Difficulty paying attention

Answer

Excessive anxiety

Answer

Delayed language development

Answer

Social withdrawal

Question 42

Which of the following is a technique used to assess working memory capacity?

Accepted Answer

Digit span task

Answer

Stroop test

Answer

Rey-Kim Puzzle

Answer

Wechsler Memory Scale

Question 43

What is the term for the forgetting curve that describes the rate at which information is lost from memory over time?

Accepted Answer

Ebbinghaus forgetting curve

Answer

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer

Spearman's rank correlation coefficient

Answer

Thurstone's multiple factor theory

Question 44

Which characteristic accurately describes working memory?

Accepted Answer

Limited duration and capacity

Answer

Involves effortless retrieval

Answer

It stores information permanently

Answer

Unlimited storage

Question 45

What is the initial step in the memory process?

Accepted Answer

Encoding, transforming information into a usable form

Answer

Retrieving information from storage

Answer

Storing information in long-term memory

Question 46

Which theory of memory emphasizes the interconnectedness of memory traces?

Accepted Answer

Network model

Answer

Levels-of-processing model

Answer

Working memory model

Answer

Serial position effect

Question 47

How do retrieval cues aid in memory recall?

Accepted Answer

Activate related memories and facilitate retrieval

Answer

Erase existing memories

Answer

Interfere with the retrieval process

Question 48

Which type of memory stores general knowledge and concepts?

Accepted Answer

Semantic memory

Answer

Procedural memory

Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Working memory

Question 49

The serial position effect suggests that:

Accepted Answer

Items at the beginning and end of a list are recalled better than those in the middle

Answer

All items in a list are recalled equally well

Answer

Items in the middle of a list are recalled best

Question 50

Which strategy has been shown to enhance long-term memory retention?

Accepted Answer

Spaced repetition

Answer

Cramming

Answer

Procrastination

Answer

Rereading notes only once

Question 51

Attention is influenced by:

Accepted Answer

Both internal and external factors

Answer

External factors only

Answer

Neither internal nor external factors

Answer

Internal factors only

Question 52

Which type of attentional bias involves giving priority to threat-related stimuli?

Accepted Answer

Threat bias

Answer

Cognitive bias

Answer

Emotional bias

Answer

Behavioral bias

Question 53

In an educational context, what is the primary function of attention?

Accepted Answer

Selectively focusing on relevant information and filtering out distractions

Answer

Facilitating problem-solving

Answer

Storing memories