Hydrology and Hydraulics Principles for Hydropower: Master the Fundamentals

Question 1

Which factor does NOT directly impact the power output of a hydropower plant?

Accepted Answer

Ambient temperature

Answer

Water flow rate

Answer

Head height

Answer

Generator efficiency

Question 2

In hydropower generation, which factor has the greatest impact on the total head available?

Accepted Answer

Elevation difference between the reservoir and turbine

Answer

Turbine efficiency

Answer

Water flow rate

Answer

Cross-sectional area of the penstock

Question 3

What is the term that describes the measurement of the vertical distance between the upstream and downstream water levels in a hydropower system?

Accepted Answer

Head

Answer

Discharge

Answer

Flow velocity

Answer

Power output

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a type of hydropower turbine?

Accepted Answer

Axial-flow

Answer

Francis

Answer

Pelton

Answer

Kaplan

Question 5

Which of the following components is responsible for regulating the flow of water through a hydropower turbine?

Accepted Answer

Wicket gate

Answer

Guide vane

Answer

Draft tube

Answer

Tailrace

Question 6

What is the term that refers to the loss of energy due to friction and turbulence as water flows through a hydropower system?

Accepted Answer

Head loss

Answer

Efficiency

Answer

Discharge

Answer

Power output

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a potential environmental impact of hydropower development?

Accepted Answer

Improved water quality

Answer

Alteration of river ecosystems

Answer

Loss of fish habitat

Answer

Greenhouse gas emissions

Question 8

What is the primary objective of a spillway in a hydropower project?

Accepted Answer

Control water flow and prevent flooding

Answer

Generate electricity

Answer

Provide recreation opportunities

Answer

Protect fish and wildlife

Question 9

The potential energy stored in water is directly proportional to its:

Accepted Answer

Head

Answer

Flow rate

Answer

Density

Answer

Surface area

Question 10

The discharge through a Venturi meter is given by the formula:

Accepted Answer

Q = (A1 / A2) * sqrt(2gh)

Answer

Q = (A2 / A1) * sqrt(2gh)

Answer

Q = (A1 / A2) * gh

Answer

Q = (A2 / A1) * gh

Question 11

Velocity head is a measure of:

Accepted Answer

Kinetic energy per unit weight of fluid

Answer

Potential energy per unit weight of fluid

Answer

Pressure energy per unit weight of fluid

Answer

Internal energy per unit weight of fluid

Question 12

The Reynolds number is a dimensionless parameter used to characterize the flow regime in a pipe.

Accepted Answer

True

Answer

False

Question 13

The Kaplan turbine is best suited for applications with:

Accepted Answer

Low head, high flow rate

Answer

High head, low flow rate

Answer

Medium head, medium flow rate

Answer

Very high head, very low flow rate

Question 14

The penstock in a hydropower plant is primarily used to:

Accepted Answer

Convey water to the turbine

Answer

Control the flow of water to the turbine

Answer

Generate electricity

Answer

Store water for later use

Question 15

Hydropower is a renewable energy source with the potential to make a significant contribution to the global energy supply.

Accepted Answer

True

Answer

False

Question 16

Which factor does NOT influence the potential energy stored in water for hydropower generation?

Accepted Answer

Temperature

Answer

Volume of water

Answer

Head

Answer

Density of water

Question 17

The Darcy-Weisbach equation is used to calculate:

Accepted Answer

Head loss in a pipe due to friction

Answer

Pressure drop in a pipe

Answer

Power output of a turbine

Answer

Velocity of water flow

Question 18

Which type of turbine is suitable for high-head, low-flow conditions?

Accepted Answer

Pelton turbine

Answer

Francis turbine

Answer

Kaplan turbine

Answer

Cross-flow turbine

Question 19

The Reynolds number represents:

Accepted Answer

The ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces in a fluid

Answer

The head available in a hydropower system

Answer

The efficiency of a turbine

Answer

The power output of a generator

Question 20

Which factors are crucial in selecting suitable hydropower turbines? Explain how these factors impact turbine design, efficiency, and the overall system's performance.

Accepted Answer

Water flow rate and head

Accepted Answer

Turbine type (e.g., Pelton, Francis, Kaplan)

Answer

Cost and availability

Answer

Environmental impact

Question 21

Bernoulli's Equation explains the relationship between which physical quantities?

Accepted Answer

Pressure, Velocity, and Elevation

Answer

Force, Time, and Speed

Answer

Energy, Power, and Efficiency

Answer

Mass, Volume, and Density

Question 22

The specific weight of a fluid is defined as:

Accepted Answer

Force exerted by gravity per unit volume

Answer

Mass per unit volume

Answer

Weight per unit mass

Answer

Pressure per unit area

Question 23

The boundary layer in a flowing fluid is primarily influenced by which factors?

Accepted Answer

Viscosity and velocity gradient

Answer

Pressure and temperature

Answer

Gravity and buoyancy

Question 24

The hydraulic efficiency of a turbine is defined as the ratio of:

Accepted Answer

Power output to power input

Answer

Speed output to speed input

Answer

Torque output to torque input

Question 25

The Reynolds number is a dimensionless parameter used to characterize which aspect of fluid flow?

Accepted Answer

Flow regime

Answer

Flow rate

Answer

Fluid density

Question 26

Which of the following factors does NOT affect the power output of a hydropower system?

Accepted Answer

Ambient temperature

Answer

Water flow rate

Answer

Head

Answer

Generator efficiency

Question 27

What is the SI unit of measurement for hydraulic head?

Accepted Answer

Meters (m)

Answer

Watts (W)

Answer

Joules (J)

Answer

Newtons (N)

Question 28

What is the primary function of a surge tank in a hydropower system?

Accepted Answer

To mitigate pressure fluctuations and water hammer

Answer

To regulate the flow of water to the turbine

Answer

To store excess water for later use

Answer

To increase the power output of the turbine

Question 29

Which of the following factors does NOT affect the efficiency of a hydropower plant?

Accepted Answer

Water temperature

Answer

Head loss

Answer

Turbine design

Answer

Generator efficiency

Question 30

What is the process known as when a fluid transforms from a liquid to a gas due to a decrease in pressure?

Accepted Answer

Evaporation

Answer

Deposition

Answer

Sublimation

Answer

Condensation

Question 31

Which dimensionless number is commonly used to characterize fluid flow?

Accepted Answer

Reynolds number

Answer

Prandtl number

Answer

Nusselt number

Question 32

According to Bernoulli's principle, what happens to the pressure of a fluid as its velocity increases?

Accepted Answer

Pressure decreases

Answer

Pressure becomes negative

Answer

Pressure increases

Answer

Pressure remains constant

Question 33

Typically, the discharge rate of a river is quantified in what units?

Accepted Answer

Cubic meters per second

Answer

Liters per minute

Answer

Gallons per hour

Question 34

Which of the following factors does NOT influence the potential power output of a hydropower turbine?

Accepted Answer

Generator efficiency

Answer

Water flow rate

Answer

Head

Question 35

How are Pelton turbines distinct from Francis turbines?

Accepted Answer

Pelton turbines are designed for high head, low flow conditions, whereas Francis turbines are designed for low head, high flow conditions.

Answer

Pelton turbines are used in tidal power plants, while Francis turbines are used in hydroelectric dams.

Question 36

In the design of a hydropower dam, which factor is of paramount importance?

Accepted Answer

Spillway capacity

Answer

Penstock diameter

Answer

Turbine size

Answer

Generator type

Question 37

What is the function of a draft tube in a hydropower turbine?

Accepted Answer

To retrieve pressure energy from the water exiting the turbine.

Answer

To provide lubrication for the turbine bearings.

Answer

To regulate water flow through the turbine.

Question 38

What term describes the energy stored in a body of water due to its elevation?

Accepted Answer

Potential energy

Answer

Thermal energy

Answer

Kinetic energy

Answer

Electrical energy

Question 39

Which of the following is a key factor influencing water flow in open channels?

Accepted Answer

Channel roughness

Answer

Solar radiation

Answer

Wind speed

Answer

Air temperature

Question 40

The head available at a hydropower site primarily depends on:

Accepted Answer

Vertical distance between the water source and the turbine

Answer

Turbine power output

Answer

Flow rate of the water

Question 41

Which type of turbine is commonly used for high-head, low-flow applications?

Accepted Answer

Pelton turbine

Answer

Kaplan turbine

Answer

Francis turbine

Answer

Cross-flow turbine

Question 42

The power generated by a hydropower plant is directly proportional to:

Accepted Answer

Water flow rate and head

Answer

Turbine type

Answer

Generator efficiency

Answer

Transmission losses

Question 43

The Reynolds number is a parameter that:

Accepted Answer

Describes the flow regime and transition from laminar to turbulent flow

Answer

Determines the power output of a turbine

Answer

Predicts the head losses

Question 44

Which of the following factors can affect the efficiency of a hydropower turbine?

Accepted Answer

Blade design, flow rate, and operating head

Answer

Generator capacity

Answer

Environmental regulations

Answer

Transmission distance

Question 45

The Darcy-Weisbach equation is primarily used to calculate:

Accepted Answer

Head losses in pipelines and channels

Answer

Turbine power

Answer

Reynolds number

Answer

Flow velocity

Question 46

Environmental concerns associated with hydropower plants can be addressed through:

Accepted Answer

Implementing fish passage systems and protecting aquatic ecosystems

Answer

Increasing the size of the reservoir

Answer

Using fossil fuels as a backup energy source