Memory: Types, Processes, and Factors Affecting Performance

Question 1

Which statement best describes a characteristic of sensory memory?

Accepted Answer

Brief duration (less than 1 second)

Answer

Stores large amounts of information

Answer

Is not iconic or echoic

Answer

Is conscious

Question 2

Which of the following processes involves transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

Consolidation

Answer

Encoding

Answer

Storage

Answer

Retrieval

Question 3

Which factor does NOT influence memory performance?

Accepted Answer

Gender

Answer

Age

Answer

Stress

Answer

Sleep

Question 4

Which type of memory involves recalling the details of a specific event?

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Semantic memory

Answer

Procedural memory

Answer

Priming

Question 5

Which brain structure plays a role in both encoding and retrieving memories?

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Answer

Cerebellum

Question 6

Which mnemonic strategy involves organizing information into smaller, manageable chunks?

Accepted Answer

Chunking

Answer

Elaboration

Answer

Spaced repetition

Answer

Imagery

Question 7

The misinformation effect refers to the impact of:

Accepted Answer

New information interfering with recall of old information

Answer

Old information interfering with recall of new information

Answer

Memories becoming more accurate over time

Answer

Memories becoming less accurate over time

Question 8

Which type of memory stores sensory information for a very brief period, usually less than a second?

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory

Answer

Short-term memory

Answer

Long-term memory

Answer

Working memory

Question 9

The process of transforming sensory information into a form that can be stored in memory is called:

Accepted Answer

Encoding

Answer

Storage

Answer

Retrieval

Answer

Consolidation

Question 10

When we access stored information and bring it into conscious awareness, we are using which type of memory process?

Accepted Answer

Retrieval

Answer

Encoding

Answer

Storage

Answer

Consolidation

Question 11

Which brain structure plays a crucial role in the formation of new long-term memories?

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Answer

Cerebellum

Question 12

Which type of memory is used to store skills and habits, such as riding a bicycle?

Accepted Answer

Procedural memory

Answer

Declarative memory

Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Semantic memory

Question 13

The theory that memories are stored in specific locations within the brain is known as the:

Accepted Answer

Localization theory

Answer

Enactive representation theory

Answer

Distributed representation theory

Answer

Trace decay theory

Question 14

Which of the following is **not** a stage of the memory process?

Accepted Answer

Recognition

Answer

Encoding

Answer

Storage

Answer

Retrieval

Question 15

Which of the following is a memory strategy that involves breaking down information into smaller, more manageable units?

Accepted Answer

Chunking

Answer

Spacing effect

Answer

Elaboration

Answer

Context-dependent learning

Question 16

The process of accessing information stored in memory is termed:

Accepted Answer

Retrieval

Answer

Encoding

Answer

Storage

Answer

Consolidation

Question 17

The brain structure that plays a vital role in memory formation is the:

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Answer

Cerebellum

Question 18

The gradual loss of memory over time is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Decay

Answer

Amnesia

Answer

Interference

Answer

Retrieval failure

Question 19

The type of memory that stores personal experiences and events is:

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Semantic memory

Answer

Procedural memory

Answer

Implicit memory

Question 20

The theory that memory is a dynamic process influenced by current beliefs and experiences is known as:

Accepted Answer

Constructivist theory

Answer

Cognitive theory

Answer

Gestalt theory

Answer

Behavioral theory

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a type of sensory memory that briefly stores sensory information before it is processed further?

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Iconic memory

Answer

Echoic memory

Answer

Haptic memory

Question 22

What is the process by which information is transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

Consolidation

Answer

Encoding

Answer

Storage

Answer

Retrieval

Question 23

Which memory store holds information for only a few seconds before it is lost?

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory

Answer

Sensory memory

Answer

Long-term memory

Answer

Working memory

Question 24

What type of long-term memory stores facts and knowledge?

Accepted Answer

Semantic memory

Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Procedural memory

Answer

Emotional memory

Question 25

Which part of the brain is crucial for forming new memories?

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Answer

Cerebellum

Question 26

What is the key difference between explicit and implicit memory?

Accepted Answer

Explicit memory is conscious and intentional, while implicit memory is unconscious and automatic.

Answer

Implicit memory is conscious and intentional, while explicit memory is unconscious and automatic.

Answer

Both memories are conscious and intentional.

Answer

Both memories are unconscious and automatic.

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT an effective strategy for improving memory performance?

Accepted Answer

Distraction

Answer

Chunking

Answer

Rehearsal

Answer

Retrieval practice

Question 28

What is the term for the gradual decline in memory over time?

Accepted Answer

The forgetting curve

Answer

The memory loss curve

Answer

The decay of memory

Answer

The fading memory

Question 29

Which type of memory is responsible for storing information for a split second, allowing us to perceive the world around us?

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory

Answer

Short-term memory

Answer

Long-term memory

Answer

Working memory

Question 30

What is the initial stage of the memory process where new information is registered and enters short-term memory?

Accepted Answer

Encoding

Answer

Storage

Answer

Retrieval

Answer

Consolidation

Question 31

Which of the following factors does NOT influence a person's memory capacity and performance?

Accepted Answer

Handedness

Answer

Age

Answer

Stress

Answer

Sleep

Question 32

What is the term for actively accessing and bringing information from long-term memory back to conscious awareness?

Accepted Answer

Recall

Answer

Recognition

Answer

Relearning

Answer

Reconstruction

Question 33

According to the forgetting curve, how does the rate of memory loss change over time?

Accepted Answer

Initially rapid, then slows down

Answer

Initially slow, then speeds up

Answer

Stays constant throughout

Answer

Reverses direction

Question 34

How do age-related changes in memory affect daily tasks and overall well-being?

Accepted Answer

Increased difficulty with managing multiple tasks

Answer

Enhanced recall of personal experiences

Answer

Little impact on daily activities

Answer

Improved creativity and problem-solving skills

Question 35

How do NMDA receptors and their ligands contribute to long-term potentiation (LTP), a cellular mechanism crucial for forming long-term memories?

Accepted Answer

NMDA receptors facilitate calcium ion entry into the postsynaptic neuron, initiating a series of events leading to LTP.

Answer

NMDA receptors bind to glutamate and suppress the postsynaptic neuron, hindering LTP.

Answer

NMDA receptors are exclusive to the presynaptic neuron and have no role in LTP.

Answer

LTP is a process associated with short-term memory, not long-term memory.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a recognized stage in the process of memory formation?

Accepted Answer

Sorting

Answer

Encoding

Answer

Storage

Answer

Retrieval

Question 37

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, which type of memory is the limited-capacity store that holds information for approximately 20 seconds?

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory

Answer

Sensory memory

Answer

Long-term memory

Answer

Procedural memory

Question 38

How do explicit and implicit memory differ?

Accepted Answer

Explicit memory is conscious, while implicit memory is unconscious

Answer

Implicit memory is conscious, while explicit memory is unconscious

Answer

Explicit memory stores long-term information, while implicit memory stores short-term information

Answer

Implicit memory stores long-term information, while explicit memory stores short-term information

Question 39

Which neurotransmitter is crucial for memory formation?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

GABA

Question 40

Which of the following processes involves transferring information from sensory memory to short-term memory for further processing?

Accepted Answer

Encoding

Answer

Storage

Answer

Retrieval

Answer

Consolidation

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can significantly influence the ability to retrieve long-term memories?

Accepted Answer

Retroactive interference

Answer

The context in which the memory was formed

Answer

An individual's emotional state at the time of retrieval

Answer

Encoding specificity

Question 42

Which type of declarative memory specifically involves remembering specific experiences and events?

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Semantic memory

Answer

Procedural memory

Answer

Implicit memory

Question 43

Which of the following techniques is PRIMARILY employed to assess implicit memory, which involves unconscious or automatic influences on behavior?

Accepted Answer

Priming

Answer

Free recall

Answer

Recognition

Answer

Serial recall

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT a plausible explanation for the decline in memory function commonly observed during aging?

Accepted Answer

Enhanced working memory capacity

Answer

Reduced synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis

Answer

Increased inflammation in the brain

Answer

Impaired memory consolidation