Clinical Embryology: Online Learning Quizzes for Medical Students

Question 1

Which of the following techniques provides real-time, dynamic imaging of the developing embryo and fetus, allowing for the visualization of fetal anatomy and movement?

Accepted Answer

Ultrasonography

Answer

Karyotyping

Answer

Amniocentesis

Answer

Chorionic villus sampling

Question 2

Amelia is a birth defect characterized by the absence or underdevelopment of which embryonic structure?

Accepted Answer

Limb buds

Answer

Cleft lip and palate

Answer

Neural tube

Answer

Heart

Question 3

Which of the following factors has the strongest influence on the occurrence of chromosomal abnormalities?

Accepted Answer

Maternal age

Answer

Environmental factors

Answer

Genetic mutations

Answer

Paternal age

Question 4

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an advanced imaging technique that provides exceptional visualization of which aspect of fetal development?

Accepted Answer

Internal fetal organs and tissues

Answer

Superficial fetal structures

Answer

Fetal movement in real-time

Answer

Placental blood flow

Question 5

Vitamin B9, also known as folic acid, plays a crucial role in embryological development. Which of the following is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Preventing neural tube defects

Answer

Promoting heart development

Answer

Supporting placental formation

Answer

Facilitating fetal growth

Question 6

Among the genetic causes of Down syndrome, which type of chromosomal abnormality is most frequently observed?

Accepted Answer

Translocation

Answer

Duplication

Answer

Deletion

Answer

Inversion

Question 7

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is a prenatal diagnostic procedure primarily employed for which purpose?

Accepted Answer

Diagnosing genetic and chromosomal abnormalities

Answer

Determining the sex of the fetus

Answer

Treating birth defects

Answer

Monitoring fetal growth

Question 8

What type of cell division is characteristic of early embryonic development?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis

Answer

Meiosis

Answer

Binary fission

Answer

Budding

Question 9

How do teratogens impact birth defect development?

Accepted Answer

They are agents capable of crossing the placenta and harming the developing embryo or fetus

Answer

They are substances generally safe for use during pregnancy

Answer

They are chemicals that enhance fetal growth

Answer

They are hormones that regulate pregnancy

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a major category of birth defects?

Accepted Answer

Cancer

Answer

Structural birth defects

Answer

Functional birth defects

Answer

Metabolic birth defects

Question 11

Which type of birth defect is predominantly caused by mutations in genes essential for early embryonic development?

Accepted Answer

Neural tube defects

Answer

Cleft lip and palate

Answer

Down syndrome

Answer

Congenital heart defects

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a prenatal diagnostic method specifically used for assessing fetal health and detecting potential abnormalities?

Accepted Answer

Maternal blood pressure monitoring

Answer

Amniocentesis

Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Question 13

Which birth defect occurs due to incomplete closure of the neural tube during the third week of gestation?

Accepted Answer

Spina bifida

Answer

Cleft lip

Answer

Congenital heart defect

Answer

Down syndrome

Question 14

Which diagnostic imaging technique is used to detect neural tube defects in the fetus?

Accepted Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

Amniocentesis

Answer

Chorionic villus sampling

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 15

Which of the following is a potential complication associated with spina bifida?

Accepted Answer

Hydrocephalus

Answer

Down syndrome

Answer

Cerebral palsy

Answer

Autism spectrum disorder

Question 16

Which germ layer primarily contributes to the formation of the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Ectoderm

Answer

Coelom

Answer

Endoderm

Answer

Mesoderm

Question 17

What is the process by which the three germ layers differentiate into specialized tissues and organs called?

Accepted Answer

Organogenesis

Answer

Histogenesis

Answer

Neurulation

Answer

Gastrulation

Question 18

Which period of embryonic development is considered the most critical for organ formation?

Accepted Answer

The first trimester

Answer

The postnatal period

Answer

The third trimester

Answer

The second trimester

Question 19

Which genetic abnormality is the most common cause of Down syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Trisomy 21

Answer

Monosomy 21

Answer

Deletion 21q11.2

Answer

Translocation 21/14

Question 20

Which of the following treatments is used for gastroschisis?

Accepted Answer

Prenatal surgery

Answer

Fetal monitoring

Answer

Maternal medication

Answer

Amniocentesis

Question 21

What is the primary embryological cause of holoprosencephaly?

Accepted Answer

Failure of the prosencephalon to properly divide

Answer

Excessive growth of the mesencephalon

Answer

Abnormal migration of neurons

Answer

Failure of the neural tube to close

Question 22

Which of the following physical anomalies is indicative of a neural tube defect?

Accepted Answer

Spina bifida

Answer

Cleft lip

Answer

Down syndrome

Answer

Polydactyly

Question 23

Which of the following is the most common genetic cause of birth defects?

Accepted Answer

Trisomy 21

Answer

Sickle cell anemia

Answer

Cystic fibrosis

Answer

Huntington's disease

Question 24

Which of the following prenatal diagnostic tests is non-invasive?

Accepted Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

Amniocentesis

Answer

Chorionic villus sampling

Question 25

Which of the following is typically the recommended first-line treatment option for spina bifida?

Accepted Answer

Prenatal surgery

Answer

Pain medication

Answer

Antibiotics

Answer

Physical therapy

Question 26

Which of the following factors is NOT generally associated with an increased risk of birth defects?

Accepted Answer

Healthy diet

Answer

Advanced maternal age

Answer

Exposure to teratogens

Question 27

What is the process by which the neural tube forms during embryonic development?

Accepted Answer

Neurulation

Answer

Gastrulation

Answer

Organogenesis

Question 28

Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for producing red blood cells in the developing embryo?

Accepted Answer

Yolk sac

Answer

Allantois

Answer

Amniotic sac

Answer

Chorion

Question 29

Which of the following may be a potential sign of embryonic distress?

Accepted Answer

Decreased fetal heart rate

Answer

Strong uterine contractions

Answer

Increased fetal movement

Question 30

Which chromosomal abnormality is the most prevalent cause of developmental disabilities?

Accepted Answer

Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)

Answer

Turner syndrome

Answer

Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome)

Question 31

The process by which the neural tube is formed is called:

Accepted Answer

Neurulation

Answer

Histogenesis

Answer

Gastrulation

Answer

Organogenesis

Question 32

Which heart defect is characterized by an opening between the ventricles?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Answer

Atrial septal defect (ASD)

Answer

Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer

Coarctation of the aorta

Question 33

In utero, the preferred treatment option for a diagnosed neural tube defect is:

Accepted Answer

Prenatal surgery

Answer

Amniocentesis

Answer

Delivery by cesarean section

Answer

Fetal monitoring

Question 34

Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities is characterized by an extra copy of chromosome 21, and is the most common cause of intellectual disability?

Accepted Answer

Trisomy 21

Answer

Trisomy 13

Answer

Trisomy 18

Answer

Turner syndrome

Question 35

During early embryonic development, the process by which a fertilized egg implants into the uterine wall is known as:

Accepted Answer

Blastocyst implantation

Answer

Gastrulation

Answer

Neural tube formation

Answer

Organogenesis

Question 36

Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for neural tube defects, a serious birth defect involving the incomplete closure of the brain and spinal cord?

Accepted Answer

Folic acid deficiency

Answer

Maternal obesity

Answer

Diabetes

Answer

Advanced maternal age

Question 37

The non-invasive imaging technique primarily used to diagnose fetal anomalies in real-time, providing visualization of the developing fetus and its structures, is:

Accepted Answer

Prenatal ultrasound

Answer

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Answer

X-ray

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 38

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a type of congenital heart defect caused by the failure of which structure to close properly during embryonic development?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular septum

Answer

Foramen ovale

Answer

Atrial septum

Answer

Ductus arteriosus

Question 39

The structure that connects the developing fetus to the placenta, allowing for the exchange of nutrients and waste, is the:

Accepted Answer

Umbilical cord

Answer

Allantois

Answer

Amniotic sac

Answer

Chorion

Question 40

Which of the following substances is known to be a teratogen, capable of causing fetal malformations if consumed during pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Alcohol

Answer

Ibuprofen

Answer

Folic acid

Answer

Caffeine

Question 41

During embryonic development, the process by which undifferentiated cells become specialized into specific tissues and organs is known as:

Accepted Answer

Organogenesis

Answer

Blastulation

Answer

Neurulation

Answer

Gastrulation

Question 42

Which technique involves performing surgery on a fetus while still in the womb to treat certain birth defects?

Accepted Answer

Fetal surgery

Answer

Amniocentesis

Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Question 43

The germ layer that gives rise to the skin, nervous system, and sensory organs is the:

Accepted Answer

Ectoderm

Answer

Extraembryonic mesoderm

Answer

Mesoderm

Answer

Endoderm

Question 44

Which of the following imaging techniques is primarily used during pregnancy to assess fetal anatomy and detect major structural abnormalities?

Accepted Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

X-ray

Answer

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 45

Which of the following is a congenital heart defect characterized by a hole in the ventricular septum between the left and right ventricles of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Answer

Coarctation of the aorta

Answer

Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer

Atrial septal defect (ASD)

Question 46

Which of the following is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the CFTR gene, resulting in thick, sticky mucus production and recurring respiratory infections?

Accepted Answer

Cystic fibrosis

Answer

Down syndrome

Answer

Sickle cell disease

Question 47

Which of the following is the most common type of neural tube defect, characterized by incomplete closure of the spinal cord and vertebrae?

Accepted Answer

Spina bifida

Answer

Anencephaly

Answer

Meningocele

Answer

Encephalocele

Question 48

Who is credited with first describing the three germ layers from which all tissues and organs in the body develop?

Accepted Answer

Karl Ernst von Baer

Answer

Leonardo da Vinci

Answer

Galen

Answer

Aristotle

Question 49

Which of the following is the first structure to appear in the developing embryo?

Accepted Answer

Primitive streak

Answer

Limbs

Answer

Heart

Answer

Neural tube

Question 50

What is the primary function of the placenta?

Accepted Answer

Facilitate exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste products between the mother and fetus

Answer

Produce hormones that support pregnancy

Answer

Protect the fetus from infection