Cardiovascular Diseases: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Question 1

The most common presenting symptom of acute myocardial infarction is:

Accepted Answer

Chest discomfort

Answer

Shortness of breath

Answer

Nausea

Answer

Fatigue

Question 2

Which type of arrhythmia is characterized by rapid and irregular heartbeats?

Accepted Answer

Atrial fibrillation

Answer

Ventricular tachycardia

Answer

Sinus bradycardia

Answer

Supraventricular tachycardia

Question 3

The cornerstone of initial medical management for heart failure includes:

Accepted Answer

Diuretics

Answer

Antihypertensives

Answer

Anticoagulants

Answer

Antiarrhythmics

Question 4

Which class of medications is primarily used to lower elevated cholesterol levels?

Accepted Answer

Statins

Answer

Antihypertensives

Answer

Anticoagulants

Answer

Antiarrhythmics

Question 5

The definitive diagnostic test for coronary artery disease is:

Accepted Answer

Coronary angiography

Answer

Electrocardiogram

Answer

Echocardiogram

Answer

Stress test

Question 6

Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Current smoking

Answer

Age

Answer

Family history of premature heart disease

Answer

Genetic predisposition

Question 7

The leading cause of sudden cardiac death is:

Accepted Answer

Ventricular arrhythmias

Answer

Coronary artery disease

Answer

Heart failure

Answer

Hypertension

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease?

Accepted Answer

Family history

Answer

Smoking

Answer

Obesity

Answer

Physical inactivity

Question 9

Which type of arrhythmia is characterized by a slow heart rate that originates in the sinoatrial node?

Accepted Answer

Bradycardia

Answer

Ventricular tachycardia

Answer

Atrial fibrillation

Answer

AV block

Question 10

What is the first-line treatment for acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation?

Accepted Answer

Thrombolysis

Answer

Nitrates

Answer

Aspirin

Answer

Stenting

Question 11

What is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death in the general population?

Accepted Answer

Coronary artery disease

Answer

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

Question 12

What is the gold standard diagnostic test for heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Echocardiogram

Answer

Electrocardiogram

Answer

Cardiac catheterization

Answer

Stress test

Question 13

In patients with an acute myocardial infarction, which factor is the most important predictor of prognosis?

Accepted Answer

Left ventricular ejection fraction

Answer

Age

Answer

Killip class

Question 14

What is the prominent symptom of heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Shortness of breath

Answer

Chest pain

Answer

Leg swelling

Answer

Fatigue

Question 15

What is the initial treatment for acute myocardial infarction?

Accepted Answer

Aspirin and nitroglycerin

Answer

Antiarrhythmic drugs

Answer

Diuretics

Answer

ACE inhibitors

Question 16

Which diagnostic test is used to evaluate the heart's electrical activity?

Accepted Answer

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Answer

Chest X-ray

Answer

Echocardiogram

Answer

Cardiac catheterization

Question 17

What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction?

Accepted Answer

Impaired myocardial relaxation

Answer

Myocardial ischemia

Answer

Increased preload

Answer

Tachyarrhythmias

Question 18

Which is NOT a sign of cardiogenic shock?

Accepted Answer

Bradypnea

Answer

Hypotension

Answer

Tachycardia

Answer

Oliguria

Question 19

Identify the primary risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease:

Accepted Answer

Smoking

Answer

High blood pressure

Answer

Diabetes

Answer

High cholesterol

Question 20

Indicate which of the following is NOT a type of arrhythmia:

Accepted Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Bradycardia

Answer

Tachycardia

Answer

Ventricular fibrillation

Question 21

Which diagnostic test is considered the definitive method for detecting coronary artery disease?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac catheterization

Answer

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Answer

Chest X-ray

Answer

Echocardiogram

Question 22

What is the primary objective of arrhythmia treatment?

Accepted Answer

Preventing complications

Answer

Eliminating symptoms

Answer

Improving heart function

Answer

Lowering blood pressure

Question 23

What is the most common underlying cause of hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Essential hypertension

Answer

Kidney disease

Answer

Obesity

Answer

Family history

Question 24

Which is the most prevalent cause of coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Accepted Answer

Smoking

Answer

Diabetes

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

High cholesterol

Question 25

What is the primary symptom associated with heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Shortness of breath

Answer

Chest pain

Answer

Fatigue

Answer

Edema

Question 26

What is the primary aim of hypertension treatment?

Accepted Answer

Lowering blood pressure

Answer

Preventing heart attacks

Answer

Relieving symptoms

Answer

Improving quality of life

Question 27

What is the hallmark symptom of heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Shortness of breath

Answer

Chest pain

Answer

Fatigue

Answer

Edema

Question 28

Which medication class is commonly used to treat heart failure by reducing fluid retention?

Accepted Answer

Diuretics

Answer

Beta-blockers

Answer

ACE inhibitors

Answer

Nitrates

Question 29

What is the underlying pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation?

Accepted Answer

Electrical impulses originating from multiple sites in the atria

Answer

Electrical impulses originating from the SA node

Answer

Electrical impulses originating from the ventricles

Answer

Electrical impulses originating from the AV node

Question 30

Which diagnostic procedure is considered the gold standard for diagnosing coronary artery disease?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac catheterization

Answer

Stress test

Answer

Echocardiogram

Answer

MRI

Question 31

What is the predominant cause of cardiovascular disease globally?

Accepted Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Smoking

Answer

Obesity

Answer

Diabetes

Question 32

Which of the following is the most common modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Accepted Answer

Smoking

Answer

High blood pressure

Answer

High cholesterol

Answer

Diabetes

Question 33

Which type of arrhythmia is commonly treated with a pacemaker?

Accepted Answer

Bradycardia

Answer

Atrial fibrillation

Answer

Ventricular tachycardia

Answer

Supraventricular tachycardia

Question 34

Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for stroke?

Accepted Answer

Age

Answer

Smoking

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Atrial fibrillation

Question 35

What is the first-line treatment for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy?

Accepted Answer

Beta-blockers

Answer

Calcium channel blockers

Answer

Diuretics

Answer

Anticoagulants

Question 36

Identify the well-established risk factor for coronary artery disease and other cardiovascular conditions:

Accepted Answer

Smoking

Answer

Regular exercise

Answer

Fruit and vegetable-rich diet

Question 37

Which genetic mutation is most commonly associated with familial hypercholesterolemia?

Accepted Answer

LDLR gene mutation

Answer

PCSK9 gene mutation

Answer

ApoB gene mutation

Question 38

Which of the following is a major modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease?

Accepted Answer

Smoking

Answer

Age

Answer

Race

Answer

Genetics

Question 39

What is the most common presenting symptom of heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Shortness of breath

Answer

Palpitations

Answer

Fatigue

Answer

Chest pain

Question 40

Which type of arrhythmia is characterized by a rapid and regular heart rate, typically between 160-220 beats per minute?

Accepted Answer

Supraventricular tachycardia

Answer

Ventricular fibrillation

Answer

Bradycardia

Answer

Atrial fibrillation

Question 41

What is the immediate first-line pharmacological treatment for acute coronary syndrome with ST-segment elevation?

Accepted Answer

Aspirin and P2Y12 inhibitor

Answer

Diuretics

Answer

ACE inhibitors

Answer

Nitrates

Question 42

Which of the following medications is NOT typically used to treat heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Statins

Answer

Beta-blockers

Answer

Diuretics

Answer

ACE inhibitors

Question 43

What is the primary underlying cause of arrhythmias?

Accepted Answer

Abnormal electrical impulses in the heart

Answer

Weakened heart muscle

Answer

High blood pressure

Answer

Narrowing of the arteries

Question 44

Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Age

Answer

Obesity

Answer

High cholesterol

Answer

Smoking

Question 45

What is the definitive diagnostic test for coronary artery disease?

Accepted Answer

Coronary angiography

Answer

Electrocardiogram

Answer

Echocardiogram

Answer

Stress test

Question 46

Which of the following lifestyle modifications has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Regular exercise

Answer

Excessive alcohol consumption

Answer

Smoking

Answer

High-fat diet

Question 47

What is the typical prognosis for patients with severe heart failure who do not receive appropriate medical treatment?

Accepted Answer

Poor

Answer

Fair

Answer

Excellent

Answer

Good

Question 48

In the United States, which cardiovascular disease is most prevalent?

Accepted Answer

Coronary artery disease

Answer

Stroke

Answer

Arrhythmias

Answer

Heart failure

Question 49

Which of the following is a classic symptom associated with heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Shortness of breath

Answer

Palpitations

Answer

Nausea

Answer

Chest pain

Question 50

What is the most commonly diagnosed type of arrhythmia?

Accepted Answer

Atrial fibrillation

Answer

Bradycardia

Answer

Ventricular tachycardia

Answer

Supraventricular tachycardia

Question 51

Which of the following is a recognized risk factor for developing heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Previous myocardial infarction

Answer

Young age

Answer

Normal weight

Answer

Female gender

Question 52

What is typically considered the initial diagnostic test for evaluating arrhythmias?

Accepted Answer

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Answer

Cardiac catheterization

Answer

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Echocardiogram

Question 53

What is the general prognosis for patients with advanced heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Poor

Answer

Fair

Answer

Excellent

Answer

Good