Viral Infections: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment - Clinical Medicine

Question 1

What is the primary target cell for HIV?

Accepted Answer

Immune cells

Answer

Lungs

Answer

Spleen

Answer

Liver

Question 2

What is the recommended antiviral medication for treatment of influenza?

Accepted Answer

Tamiflu

Answer

Valacyclovir

Answer

Acyclovir

Answer

Zidovudine

Question 3

Which of the following diagnostic tests is used to confirm an HIV diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Western blot

Answer

ELISA

Answer

PCR

Answer

Culture

Question 4

Which of the following is a characteristic clinical manifestation of influenza infection in adults?

Accepted Answer

High fever, chills, and muscle aches

Answer

Jaundice and abdominal pain

Answer

Skin rash and lymphadenopathy

Answer

Pneumonia and respiratory failure

Question 5

What is the predominant mode of transmission of HIV in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Contact with infected blood or bodily fluids

Answer

Inhalation of respiratory droplets

Answer

Ingestion of contaminated food or water

Answer

Vector-borne transmission

Question 6

Which of the following is a potential long-term complication of untreated hepatitis C infection?

Accepted Answer

Liver cirrhosis and liver failure

Answer

Pneumonia and sepsis

Answer

Meningitis and encephalitis

Answer

Pancreatitis and cholecystitis

Question 7

What is the first-line treatment for uncomplicated influenza infection in adults?

Accepted Answer

Antiviral medications (e.g., oseltamivir, zanamivir)

Answer

Antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin, erythromycin)

Answer

Over-the-counter pain relievers (e.g., ibuprofen, acetaminophen)

Answer

Bed rest and fluids

Question 8

What is the primary laboratory test used to screen for HIV infection?

Accepted Answer

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Answer

Western blot

Answer

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Answer

Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)

Question 9

Which of the following viral infections is preventable by vaccination?

Accepted Answer

Measles

Answer

Dengue fever

Answer

Malaria

Answer

Tuberculosis

Question 10

To effectively prevent viral infections, which measure is of utmost importance?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining proper hand hygiene

Answer

Isolating oneself when feeling unwell

Answer

Avoiding the use of live vaccines

Answer

Discontinuing antiviral medications as soon as possible

Question 11

Which of the following laboratory findings is most indicative of hepatitis B infection?

Accepted Answer

Presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)

Answer

Elevated liver enzymes

Answer

Decreased bilirubin levels

Answer

Increased white blood cell count

Question 12

Which of the following antiviral medications is primarily used for the treatment of influenza?

Accepted Answer

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

Answer

Acyclovir (Zovirax)

Answer

Ribavirin (Copegus)

Answer

Valacyclovir (Valtrex)

Question 13

Which of the following is a non-specific antiviral agent that can inhibit a wide range of viruses?

Accepted Answer

Interferon

Answer

Zidovudine (Retrovir)

Answer

Tamiflu (Oseltamivir)

Answer

Hepatitis B vaccine

Question 14

Which antiviral drug directly inhibits viral protein synthesis by targeting mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Ribavirin

Answer

Acyclovir

Answer

Oseltamivir

Answer

Zidovudine

Question 15

In the United States, what is the most prevalent cause of viral meningitis?

Accepted Answer

Echovirus

Answer

Herpes simplex virus

Answer

Varicella-zoster virus

Answer

Mumps virus

Question 16

HIV is primarily transmitted through:

Accepted Answer

Exchange of bodily fluids

Answer

Airborne droplets

Answer

Fecal contamination

Answer

Contact with contaminated surfaces

Question 17

Which of the following is a hallmark clinical manifestation of influenza?

Accepted Answer

Fever and chills

Answer

Skin rash

Answer

Gastrointestinal upset

Answer

Jaundice

Question 18

The definitive diagnosis of hepatitis A infection is typically established by:

Accepted Answer

Detection of IgM antibodies

Answer

Viral culture

Answer

Liver biopsy

Answer

PCR amplification

Question 19

Which antiviral medication is commonly used for chronic hepatitis B treatment?

Accepted Answer

Tenofovir

Answer

Acyclovir

Answer

Valacyclovir

Answer

Enfuvirtide

Question 20

The recommended duration of treatment for uncomplicated influenza is:

Accepted Answer

5 days

Answer

3 days

Answer

7 days

Answer

10 days

Question 21

Which type of cell is the primary target of HIV infection?

Accepted Answer

T lymphocytes

Answer

B lymphocytes

Answer

Macrophages

Answer

Neutrophils

Question 22

What is a common symptom of influenza in adults?

Accepted Answer

Chills

Answer

Diarrhea

Answer

Nausea

Answer

Skin rash

Question 23

Which viral infection lacks a vaccine for prevention?

Accepted Answer

HIV/AIDS

Answer

Influenza

Answer

Hepatitis B

Answer

Mumps

Question 24

Which clinical manifestation is most commonly associated with HIV infection?

Accepted Answer

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

Answer

Herpes zoster

Answer

Meningitis

Answer

Appendicitis

Question 25

Viral infections significantly impact global health. Analyze the key factors that influence their distribution and severity across different regions.

Accepted Answer

Socioeconomic conditions, population density, and climate influence regional variations in viral infection distribution and severity.

Answer

Viral infections have a minimal global impact, with most cases being mild and self-limiting.

Answer

Genetic factors and individual immune responses primarily determine the distribution and severity of viral infections.

Answer

Viral infections are mainly concentrated in developing countries, with little impact on developed regions.

Question 26

What is the primary mode of HIV transmission?

Accepted Answer

Direct contact with infected blood or bodily fluids

Answer

Inhalation of airborne droplets

Answer

Ingestion of contaminated food

Answer

Vector-borne transmission

Question 27

Which of the following laboratory findings is characteristic of acute hepatitis A infection?

Accepted Answer

Presence of hepatitis A virus RNA in stool

Answer

Elevated serum bilirubin

Answer

Increased white blood cell count

Answer

Low platelet count

Question 28

What is the primary mechanism of action of antiviral medications used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection?

Accepted Answer

Inhibition of viral replication

Answer

Enhancement of host immune response

Answer

Destruction of infected hepatocytes

Answer

Prevention of viral attachment to host cells

Question 29

What is the recommended initial screening test for HIV infection?

Accepted Answer

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Answer

Western blot

Answer

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Answer

Rapid diagnostic test

Question 30

Describe the predominant mode of transmission for hepatitis B and hepatitis C.

Accepted Answer

Parenteral

Answer

Fecal-oral

Answer

Respiratory

Answer

Vector-borne

Question 31

Which of the following is a characteristic clinical manifestation of influenza?

Accepted Answer

Fever

Accepted Answer

Muscle aches

Answer

Skin rash

Answer

Nausea and vomiting

Question 32

How does the influenza virus primarily spread?

Accepted Answer

Through airborne droplets

Answer

Through dental plaque

Answer

Through contaminated water

Question 33

What is the main way influenza is spread?

Accepted Answer

By breathing in droplets from an infected person

Answer

Through contact with infected blood

Answer

By eating contaminated food

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of influenza?

Accepted Answer

Diarrhea

Answer

Muscle aches

Answer

Fever

Answer

Headache

Question 35

What is the recommended first-line treatment for HIV/AIDS?

Accepted Answer

Antiretroviral therapy (ART)

Answer

Antibiotics

Answer

Interferon

Answer

Plasmapheresis

Question 36

Which of the following viruses is primarily transmitted through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids?

Accepted Answer

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

Answer

Influenza virus

Answer

Herpes simplex virus (HSV)

Question 37

Which mechanism is central to the pathogenesis of influenza viruses?

Accepted Answer

Tissue destruction

Answer

Neurological damage

Answer

Toxin production

Answer

Immunosuppression

Question 38

Which of the following is a potential complication of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection?

Accepted Answer

Liver cirrhosis

Answer

Meningitis

Answer

Myocarditis

Answer

Pneumonia

Question 39

What is the most frequent cause of viral meningitis in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Enteroviruses

Answer

Arboviruses

Answer

Herpes simplex virus (HSV)

Question 40

Which of the following vaccines is recommended for annual administration in healthy adults?

Accepted Answer

Influenza vaccine

Answer

Measles vaccine

Answer

Tetanus vaccine

Answer

Varicella vaccine

Question 41

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections?

Accepted Answer

Latency

Answer

Vector-borne transmission

Answer

High mortality rate

Answer

Seasonal variation

Question 42

What is the primary route of transmission for HIV?

Accepted Answer

Exchange of bodily fluids containing the virus

Answer

Contact with contaminated surfaces

Answer

Ingestion of contaminated food or water

Answer

Inhalation of airborne particles

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic symptom of acute hepatitis A infection?

Accepted Answer

Chronic liver inflammation

Answer

Nausea

Answer

Dark urine

Answer

Jaundice

Question 44

In most cases, what is the recommended approach for uncomplicated influenza infections?

Accepted Answer

Symptomatic management with rest and supportive care

Answer

Immediate hospitalization

Answer

Antibiotic therapy

Answer

Antiviral medications

Question 45

Hepatitis B is primarily transmitted through what mode?

Accepted Answer

Contact with infected blood or bodily fluids

Answer

Ingestion of contaminated food or water

Answer

Inhalation of contaminated aerosols

Question 46

Which of the following antiviral medications is specifically used to treat influenza?

Accepted Answer

Oseltamivir

Answer

Acyclovir

Answer

Enfuvirtide

Answer

Zidovudine

Question 47

The primary symptom associated with mumps is:

Accepted Answer

Swollen salivary glands

Answer

Fever

Answer

Headache

Answer

Rash

Question 48

Which vaccine is particularly recommended for individuals traveling to developing countries?

Accepted Answer

Hepatitis A vaccine

Answer

Influenza vaccine

Answer

Polio vaccine

Answer

Measles vaccine

Question 49

What is the key distinction between primary and secondary HIV infection?

Accepted Answer

Primary infection typically presents with acute symptoms, while secondary infection may be asymptomatic

Answer

Primary infection is more severe than secondary infection

Question 50

What is the most common cause of viral meningitis in adults?

Accepted Answer

Enterovirus

Answer

Herpes simplex virus (HSV)

Answer

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)

Answer

Mumps virus

Question 51

Which of the following is a classic symptom of influenza?

Accepted Answer

High fever

Answer

Lymphadenopathy

Answer

Skin rash

Answer

Jaundice

Question 52

What is the primary mode of transmission for HIV?

Accepted Answer

Sexual contact

Answer

Airborne droplets

Answer

Fecal-oral transmission

Answer

Blood transfusions (before 1985)

Question 53

Which antiviral medication is commonly used to treat herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection?

Accepted Answer

Acyclovir

Answer

Azithromycin

Answer

Doxycycline

Answer

Amoxicillin

Question 54

Which factor increases the risk of developing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoma?

Accepted Answer

Immunosuppression

Answer

Diabetes

Answer

Obesity

Answer

Cardiovascular disease

Question 55

What is a primary preventive measure against viral infections?

Accepted Answer

Hand hygiene

Answer

Regular exercise

Answer

Smoking cessation

Answer

Dietary supplementation

Question 56

What is a characteristic feature of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses?

Accepted Answer

Ability to infect humans

Answer

Mild respiratory symptoms

Answer

Low mortality rate

Answer

Absence of zoonotic potential

Question 57

Which antiviral medication is recommended for the treatment of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection?

Accepted Answer

Acyclovir

Answer

Oseltamivir

Answer

Zidovudine

Answer

Ribavirin