Alzheimer's Disease: Definition, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Question 1

Which type of dementia is most commonly diagnosed?

Accepted Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Vascular dementia

Answer

Lewy body dementia

Answer

Frontotemporal dementia

Question 2

What term describes the gradual decline in cognitive function characteristic of Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Dementia

Answer

Cognitive decline

Answer

Delirium

Answer

Aphasia

Question 3

Which neurotransmitter is primarily affected in Alzheimer's disease, leading to cognitive impairment?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Glutamate

Question 4

What is the most common characteristic of Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Progressive memory loss and cognitive impairment

Answer

Sudden, severe cognitive decline

Answer

Episodic memory loss and disorientation

Answer

Hallucinations and delusions

Question 5

Define Alzheimer's disease (AD) from a pathological perspective.

Accepted Answer

A chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by neuronal loss, accumulation of amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles

Answer

A disorder characterized by memory loss and disorientation

Answer

A genetic disorder with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern

Answer

A reversible condition caused by vitamin B12 deficiency

Question 6

Identify the most common initial clinical presentation of AD.

Accepted Answer

Memory loss

Answer

Aphasia

Answer

Parkinsonian symptoms

Answer

Seizures

Question 7

What is the primary neuropathological hallmark of AD?

Accepted Answer

Amyloid plaques

Answer

Lewy bodies

Answer

Neurofibrillary tangles

Answer

Gliosis

Question 8

Which neurotransmitter is decreased in AD?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

GABA

Question 9

Which of the following medications is used to manage the cognitive symptoms of AD?

Accepted Answer

Donepezil

Answer

Levodopa

Answer

Valproic acid

Answer

Fluoxetine

Question 10

What is the most prevalent behavioral disturbance associated with AD?

Accepted Answer

Agitation

Answer

Depression

Answer

Psychosis

Answer

Mania

Question 11

Which of the following is not a recognized stage in the progression of AD?

Accepted Answer

Delirium

Answer

Mild cognitive impairment

Answer

Moderate dementia

Answer

Dementia with behavioral disturbance

Question 12

Describe the role of genetics in AD.

Accepted Answer

It contributes to approximately 5-10% of AD cases

Answer

It is the primary cause of AD in all cases

Answer

It has no influence on the development of AD

Answer

It is only a risk factor for late-onset AD

Question 13

In the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, which criteria are most widely employed?

Accepted Answer

McKhann criteria

Answer

DSM-5 criteria

Answer

ICD-10 criteria

Answer

NINDS-AIREN criteria

Question 14

In the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, which drug class is primarily used to improve cognitive function?

Accepted Answer

Cholinesterase inhibitors

Answer

Antipsychotics

Answer

Sodium channel blockers

Question 15

Which type of memory is primarily affected in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Semantic memory

Answer

Procedural memory

Answer

Working memory

Question 16

Which diagnostic test is considered the gold standard for confirming Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Brain biopsy

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Answer

Neuropsychological testing

Question 17

Which type of dementia is most common in older adults?

Accepted Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Vascular dementia

Answer

Frontotemporal dementia

Answer

Lewy body dementia

Question 18

Which clinical presentation is most commonly observed in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Memory loss

Answer

Language difficulties

Answer

Parkinsonian symptoms

Answer

Visual hallucinations

Question 19

Which neurotransmitter system is predominantly affected in Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

GABA

Question 20

Which of the following interventions is NOT typically used to manage the non-cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Aspirin therapy

Answer

Cognitive stimulation therapy

Answer

Music therapy

Answer

Exercise

Question 21

Which protein is the primary component of amyloid plaques, a defining feature of Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Beta-amyloid

Answer

Tau

Answer

Synuclein

Answer

Prion

Question 22

Which organization provides comprehensive support and resources for individuals with Alzheimer's disease and their families?

Accepted Answer

The Alzheimer's Association

Answer

The American Parkinson's Disease Foundation

Answer

The National Multiple Sclerosis Society

Answer

The American Cancer Society

Question 23

Which of the following neuropathological findings is NOT characteristic of Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Pick bodies

Answer

Amyloid plaques

Answer

Neurofibrillary tangles

Answer

Synaptic loss

Question 24

Which of the following is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

APOE ε4 allele

Answer

APOE ε2 allele

Answer

APOE ε3 allele

Answer

PSEN1 mutation

Question 25

Which of the following clinical presentations is typical of early-stage Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Insidious onset of memory loss and cognitive decline

Answer

Acute onset of cognitive impairment

Answer

Prominent extrapyramidal symptoms

Answer

Hallucinations and delusions

Question 26

Which of the following diagnostic tests is considered the definitive test for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Brain biopsy

Answer

Neuroimaging with MRI

Answer

Lumbar puncture with amyloid-beta measurement

Answer

Neuropsychological testing

Question 27

Which of the following organizations provides comprehensive information and support for individuals with Alzheimer's disease and their families?

Accepted Answer

American Alzheimer's Association

Answer

National Institute on Aging

Answer

Mayo Clinic

Answer

World Health Organization

Question 28

Which of the following clinical presentations is most characteristic of Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Progressive memory loss

Answer

Rapid onset of symptoms

Answer

Fluctuating cognitive function

Answer

Hallucinations

Question 29

Which of the following diagnostic tests provides the most definitive confirmation of an Alzheimer's disease diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Brain biopsy

Answer

Neuroimaging (MRI or CT scan)

Answer

Neuropsychological assessment

Answer

Blood test

Question 30

Which class of medications is primarily used to alleviate the cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Cholinesterase inhibitors

Answer

NMDA receptor antagonists

Answer

Antipsychotics

Answer

Benzodiazepines

Question 31

Which of the following pathological mechanisms is directly associated with the formation of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Aggregation of beta-amyloid proteins

Answer

Hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins

Answer

Loss of synaptic connections

Answer

Inflammation in the brain

Question 32

Which stage of Alzheimer's disease is characterized by substantial cognitive impairment and functional decline?

Accepted Answer

Moderate dementia

Answer

Preclinical

Answer

Mild cognitive impairment

Answer

Severe dementia

Question 33

Which of the following is the most prevalent cause of dementia globally?

Accepted Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Vascular dementia

Answer

Lewy body dementia

Answer

Frontotemporal dementia

Question 34

Select the term that describes the accumulation of amyloid-beta plaques in the brain:

Accepted Answer

Senile plaques

Answer

Neurofibrillary tangles

Answer

Lewy bodies

Answer

Tauopathy

Question 35

Which of the following is an early symptom commonly associated with Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Memory loss

Answer

Agitation

Answer

Hallucinations

Answer

Incontinence

Question 36

The Cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease posits that:

Accepted Answer

A decrease in acetylcholine levels contributes to cognitive impairment.

Answer

An increase in glutamate levels leads to neuronal damage.

Answer

Tau protein aggregates are the primary cause of neuronal loss.

Answer

Inflammation plays a central role in disease progression.

Question 37

Which imaging technique is most commonly used to visualize amyloid-beta plaques in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Question 38

The Braak staging system describes the progression of:

Accepted Answer

Neurofibrillary tangles

Answer

Amyloid-beta plaques

Answer

Lewy bodies

Answer

Tauopathy

Question 39

In the early stages of Alzheimer's disease, which cognitive domain is predominantly affected?

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Visuospatial skills

Answer

Language

Answer

Executive function

Question 40

Which well-established risk factor is strongly associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Age

Answer

Gender

Answer

Diabetes

Answer

Heart disease

Question 41

Which diagnostic procedure is considered the definitive method for confirming the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Brain biopsy

Answer

MRI scan

Answer

PET scan

Answer

Neuropsychological assessment

Question 42

Which class of medications is commonly employed to alleviate the cognitive symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Cholinesterase inhibitors

Answer

Antipsychotics

Answer

Anticonvulsants

Answer

Antidepressants

Question 43

Which non-pharmacological intervention has demonstrated effectiveness in improving the quality of life for individuals with Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive stimulation therapy

Answer

Vagus nerve stimulation

Answer

Deep brain stimulation

Answer

Electroconvulsive therapy

Question 44

Which staging system is widely used to assess the progression of Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Global Deterioration Scale

Answer

Geriatric Depression Scale

Answer

Barthel Index

Answer

Mini-Mental State Examination

Question 45

Which support service is specifically designed to provide temporary relief and assistance to caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Respite care

Answer

Bereavement counseling

Answer

Hospice care

Answer

Palliative care

Question 46

Which of the following is the most common cause of dementia in older adults?

Accepted Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Frontotemporal dementia

Answer

Vascular dementia

Answer

Lewy body dementia

Question 47

What are the primary neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

Answer

Lewy bodies

Answer

Lafora bodies

Answer

Hirano bodies

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical manifestation of Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Parkinsonism

Answer

Memory loss

Answer

Aphasia

Answer

Apraxia

Question 49

Which diagnostic test is considered the gold standard for confirming a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Brain biopsy

Answer

EEG

Answer

MRI

Answer

CT scan

Question 50

Which of the following medication classes is commonly used in the symptomatic management of Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Cholinesterase inhibitors

Answer

Beta-blockers

Answer

Anticonvulsants

Answer

Antipsychotics

Question 51

Which of the following is a well-established risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Age

Answer

Occupation

Answer

Gender

Answer

Race

Question 52

What is the typical age of onset for Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

65 years or older

Answer

20-40 years

Answer

40-60 years

Question 53

Which neurotransmitter system is primarily affected in Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

GABA

Answer

Dopamine

Question 54

Which of the following is a potential complication of severe Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Pneumonia

Answer

Stroke

Answer

Cancer

Answer

Myocardial infarction