Hypertension: Definition, Classification, Diagnosis, and Management

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a potential pathophysiological mechanism contributing to the development of hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Increased nitric oxide production

Answer

Increased sympathetic nervous system activity

Answer

Reduced renal blood flow

Answer

Increased renin secretion

Question 2

For patients with hypertension and diabetes, what is the recommended target blood pressure goal, according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA)?

Accepted Answer

<130/80 mmHg

Answer

<140/90 mmHg

Answer

<150/100 mmHg

Answer

<160/110 mmHg

Question 3

Which of the following is the most common clinical presentation of essential hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Asymptomatic

Answer

Headaches

Answer

Epistaxis

Answer

Chest pain

Question 4

Which of the following laboratory tests is typically NOT routinely recommended in the initial evaluation of a patient with hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Transthoracic echocardiogram

Answer

Urinalysis

Answer

Complete blood count

Answer

Electrocardiogram

Question 5

Which of the following conditions is a known cause of **secondary** hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Renal artery stenosis

Accepted Answer

Pheochromocytoma

Answer

Essential hypertension

Answer

Hyperthyroidism

Question 6

In an emergency setting, which of the following is considered the first-line pharmacologic intervention for the treatment of severe hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Sodium nitroprusside

Answer

Atenolol

Answer

Metoprolol

Answer

Amlodipine

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a modifiable risk factor for hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Family history of hypertension

Answer

Obesity

Answer

Excessive alcohol consumption

Answer

Lack of physical activity

Question 8

What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism leading to essential hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Increased total peripheral resistance

Answer

Increased cardiac output

Answer

Decreased renal blood flow

Answer

Impaired vasodilation

Question 9

What is the most prevalent cause of secondary hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Renal artery stenosis

Answer

Pheochromocytoma

Answer

Cushing's syndrome

Answer

Hyperthyroidism

Question 10

Which class of antihypertensive medications primarily targets the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) for inhibition?

Accepted Answer

ACE inhibitors

Answer

Calcium channel blockers

Answer

Beta-blockers

Answer

Diuretics

Question 11

A 45-year-old male with a history of poorly controlled hypertension presents with sudden severe headache, nausea, and vomiting. His blood pressure is 180/120 mmHg. Which condition is most concerning?

Accepted Answer

Malignant hypertension

Answer

Essential hypertension

Answer

Pheochromocytoma

Answer

Renal artery stenosis

Question 12

Which of the following is the most common cause of secondary hypertension, accounting for approximately 10% of cases?

Accepted Answer

Renal artery stenosis

Answer

Primary hyperaldosteronism

Answer

Pheochromocytoma

Answer

Sleep apnea

Question 13

Which of the following antihypertensive medications is contraindicated in patients with pheochromocytoma?

Accepted Answer

Beta-blockers

Answer

Calcium channel blockers

Answer

ACE inhibitors

Answer

Diuretics

Question 14

How often should blood pressure be monitored for patients with controlled hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Every year

Answer

Every 6 months

Answer

Every 2 years

Answer

Every 5 years

Question 15

Which of the following is the most common type of hypertension that has no identifiable cause?

Accepted Answer

Primary hypertension

Answer

Secondary hypertension

Answer

Malignant hypertension

Answer

Accelerated hypertension

Question 16

The primary pathophysiologic mechanism of essential hypertension is thought to involve:

Accepted Answer

Increased peripheral vascular resistance

Answer

Increased cardiac output

Answer

Increased renal sodium reabsorption

Answer

Reduced renal blood flow

Question 17

The initial diagnostic test commonly used to screen for hypertension is:

Accepted Answer

Blood pressure measurement

Answer

Echocardiography

Answer

Electrocardiogram

Answer

Renal ultrasound

Question 18

The most severe form of hypertension, characterized by rapidly progressive organ damage, is:

Accepted Answer

Rapidly progressive organ damage

Answer

Diastolic blood pressure >120 mmHg

Answer

Systolic blood pressure >180 mmHg

Answer

Asymptomatic presentation

Question 19

Which of the following blood pressure readings indicates a hypertensive emergency, requiring urgent medical intervention?

Accepted Answer

220/120 mmHg

Answer

140/90 mmHg

Answer

160/100 mmHg

Answer

180/110 mmHg

Question 20

Which of the following factors is associated with a reduced risk of hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Regular physical activity

Answer

Obesity

Answer

Excessive sodium intake

Question 21

The primary mechanism of action for ACE inhibitors in hypertension treatment is:

Accepted Answer

Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

Answer

Stimulation of nitric oxide production

Answer

Blockade of calcium channels

Answer

Reduction of sympathetic outflow

Question 22

The goal of lifestyle modifications in hypertension management includes:

Accepted Answer

Weight reduction, regular physical activity, and dietary modifications

Answer

Smoking cessation alone

Answer

Alcohol consumption reduction alone

Question 23

Which of the following is a distinctive characteristic of malignant hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Severe, sustained hypertension with rapidly progressive target organ damage

Answer

Systolic blood pressure consistently above 180 mm Hg

Answer

Mild, intermittent hypertension with no organ damage

Question 24

The term 'isolated systolic hypertension' refers to:

Accepted Answer

Elevated systolic blood pressure with normal or low diastolic blood pressure

Answer

Elevated diastolic blood pressure with normal or low systolic blood pressure

Question 25

Which of the following lifestyle habits is associated with a decreased risk of developing hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Increased intake of soluble fiber

Answer

Smoking

Answer

Excessive sodium intake

Answer

Lack of regular physical activity

Question 26

According to the American Heart Association guidelines, what is the ideal blood pressure for most adults without diabetes or chronic kidney disease?

Accepted Answer

<130/80 mmHg

Answer

120/70 mmHg

Answer

140/90 mmHg

Answer

150/90 mmHg

Question 27

Which of the following symptoms is most commonly associated with a hypertensive crisis?

Accepted Answer

Severe headache

Answer

Nausea

Answer

Fatigue

Answer

Shortness of breath

Question 28

Which of the following lifestyle modifications is not recommended for preventing and controlling hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Smoking

Answer

Weight loss if overweight or obese

Answer

Regular exercise

Question 29

Which of the following tests is considered the gold standard for confirming the diagnosis of hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

Answer

Echocardiogram

Answer

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Answer

Stress test

Question 30

Which hormone is primarily involved in the regulation of blood pressure by promoting vasoconstriction?

Accepted Answer

Angiotensin II

Answer

Cortisol

Answer

Insulin

Question 31

For patients with well-controlled hypertension, what is the recommended interval for follow-up visits and blood pressure checks?

Accepted Answer

Every 6-12 months

Answer

Annually

Answer

Quarterly

Answer

Monthly

Question 32

What is the classification of hypertension according to the JNC 8 guidelines?

Accepted Answer

Normal, Prehypertension, Stage 1, Stage 2

Answer

Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3

Answer

Prehypertensive, Hypertensive, Very Hypertensive

Answer

Mild, Moderate, Severe

Question 33

Which of the following is a pathophysiological mechanism of hypertension due to renal artery stenosis?

Accepted Answer

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation

Answer

Vasodilation of renal efferent arterioles

Answer

Increased renal blood flow

Answer

Sodium retention in the proximal tubules

Question 34

What is a typical clinical presentation of a patient with uncontrolled hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Headache, epistaxis, blurred vision

Answer

Fatigue, dizziness, weight loss

Answer

Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting

Answer

Dyspnea, orthopnea, edema

Question 35

What is the first-line medication class for the treatment of uncomplicated hypertension?

Accepted Answer

ACE-inhibitor or ARB

Answer

Diuretic

Answer

Calcium channel blocker

Answer

Beta-blocker

Question 36

Which of the following lifestyle modifications is NOT recommended for the management of hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Regular alcohol consumption

Answer

Exercise

Answer

Weight loss

Answer

Dietary sodium reduction

Question 37

Which of the following is the most common cause of secondary hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Renal artery stenosis

Answer

Pheochromocytoma

Answer

Hyperaldosteronism

Answer

Coarctation of the aorta

Question 38

Which of the following is a typical clinical presentation of hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Asymptomatic in early stages

Answer

Blurred vision

Answer

Chest pain

Answer

Severe headache

Question 39

Which of the following diagnostic tests is essential for the initial diagnosis of hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Blood pressure measurement

Answer

Echocardiogram

Answer

Renal artery Doppler

Question 40

Which of the following is the preferred initial treatment option for uncomplicated stage 1 hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Lifestyle modification

Answer

Diuretic

Answer

Beta-blocker

Answer

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor

Question 41

Identify the most prevalent cause of secondary hypertension:

Accepted Answer

Renal artery stenosis

Answer

Pheochromocytoma

Answer

Primary hyperaldosteronism

Question 42

What is the blood pressure threshold that defines stage 1 hypertension?

Accepted Answer

130/80 mm Hg

Answer

140/90 mm Hg

Answer

120/80 mm Hg

Answer

150/90 mm Hg

Question 43

Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for the development of hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Age

Answer

Stress

Answer

Excessive alcohol consumption

Answer

Obesity

Question 44

What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism underlying essential hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Increased peripheral vascular resistance

Answer

Increased cardiac output

Answer

Impaired renal function

Answer

Decreased arterial compliance

Question 45

What is the recommended primary intervention for uncomplicated stage 1 hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Lifestyle modifications

Answer

Diuretic

Answer

Calcium channel blocker

Answer

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor

Question 46

Which of the following is a potential complication of uncontrolled, long-standing hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Heart failure

Answer

Osteoporosis

Answer

Peptic ulcer disease

Answer

Gout

Question 47

Which of the following medications is contraindicated in patients with a history of angioedema to an ACE inhibitor?

Accepted Answer

Angiotensin receptor blocker

Answer

Beta-blocker

Answer

Calcium channel blocker

Answer

Diuretic

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT a recognized risk factor for hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Low sodium intake

Answer

Family history

Answer

Chronic kidney disease

Answer

Obesity

Question 49

Which of the following is a common symptom of untreated hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Headache

Answer

Seizures

Answer

Sudden loss of consciousness

Answer

Paralysis

Question 50

According to current guidelines, which of the following blood pressure readings is classified as stage 1 hypertension?

Accepted Answer

140/90 mmHg

Answer

120/80 mmHg

Answer

160/100 mmHg

Answer

180/110 mmHg

Question 51

Which of the following medication classes is considered a first-line treatment for most patients with hypertension?

Accepted Answer

ACE inhibitors

Answer

Antibiotics

Answer

Statins

Answer

Insulin

Question 52

Which of the following is a serious potential complication of untreated hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Stroke

Answer

Asthma

Answer

Allergies

Answer

Common cold

Question 53

Which of the following lifestyle changes can contribute to lowering blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Weight loss

Answer

Smoking

Answer

High-fat diet

Answer

Excessive alcohol consumption

Question 54

Which of the following diagnostic tests is commonly used to help determine the underlying cause of hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Renal artery doppler ultrasound

Answer

Electrocardiogram

Answer

Chest X-ray

Question 55

Which of the following hormones plays a central role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which is involved in the development of hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Renin

Answer

Estrogen

Answer

Thyroid hormone

Answer

Insulin

Question 56

Which of the following is an example of secondary hypertension, where the high blood pressure is caused by another medical condition?

Accepted Answer

Renal artery stenosis

Answer

Essential hypertension

Answer

White coat hypertension

Question 57

Which of the following medication classes is generally NOT recommended as a first-line treatment for hypertension in patients with diabetes due to potential side effects?

Accepted Answer

Beta-blockers

Answer

Diuretics

Answer

Calcium channel blockers

Answer

ACE inhibitors