Sleep Disorders: Definition, Classification, Diagnosis, and Management

Question 1

Which characteristic is NOT associated with insomnia?

Accepted Answer

Excessive daytime sleepiness

Answer

Difficulty falling or staying asleep

Answer

Unrefreshing sleep

Answer

Shortened sleep duration

Question 2

Which of the following is a known risk factor for narcolepsy?

Accepted Answer

Family history

Answer

Irregular sleep habits

Answer

Alcohol consumption

Answer

Obesity

Question 3

What is the definitive diagnostic test for sleep disorders?

Accepted Answer

Polysomnography

Answer

Electroencephalogram

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging

Answer

Blood test

Question 4

Which therapy is specifically designed for treating insomnia?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)

Answer

Exposure and response prevention (ERP)

Answer

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

Answer

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)

Question 5

Which treatment method is most effective for obstructive sleep apnea?

Accepted Answer

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Answer

Auto-titrating positive airway pressure (APAP)

Answer

Nasal dilators

Answer

Oral appliances

Question 6

What is the primary underlying cause of idiopathic hypersomnia?

Accepted Answer

Unknown

Answer

Narcolepsy

Answer

Obstructive sleep apnea

Answer

Restless legs syndrome

Question 7

What is the recommended comprehensive approach for managing parasomnias?

Accepted Answer

Combination of the above

Answer

Pharmacological therapy

Answer

Behavioral therapy

Answer

Lifestyle adjustments

Question 8

Which of the following is the most common symptom of insomnia? Select the most accurate choice.

Accepted Answer

Difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep

Answer

Excessive daytime sleepiness

Answer

Nightmares

Answer

Sleep paralysis

Question 9

Which diagnostic study is the gold standard for evaluating the underlying causes of sleep disorders? Choose the most comprehensive method.

Accepted Answer

Polysomnography (PSG)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT)

Answer

Actigraphy

Question 10

Which type of parasomnia is characterized by recurrent, vivid dreams that often involve fear or anxiety? Select the most fitting description.

Accepted Answer

Nightmares

Answer

Sleep terrors

Answer

Sleepwalking

Answer

REM sleep behavior disorder

Question 11

What is the primary neurotransmitter system implicated in regulating sleep-wake cycles? Choose the most accurate answer.

Accepted Answer

GABAergic

Answer

Serotonergic

Answer

Adrenergic

Answer

Cholinergic

Question 12

Which behavioral therapy technique is commonly used as the first-line treatment for insomnia? Choose the most effective method.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I)

Answer

Stimulus control therapy

Answer

Sleep restriction therapy

Answer

Bright light therapy

Question 13

What is the recommended duration of sleep for most adults? Select the most appropriate range.

Accepted Answer

7-9 hours

Answer

6-8 hours

Answer

8-10 hours

Answer

9-11 hours

Question 14

What is the gold standard for evaluating sleep patterns and diagnosing sleep disorders? Choose the most reliable method.

Accepted Answer

Polysomnography (PSG)

Answer

Sleep log

Answer

Actigraphy

Answer

Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)

Question 15

In narcolepsy, how does the hypocretin system contribute to the condition, and what are the implications for diagnosing and potentially treating it?

Accepted Answer

Deficiency of hypocretin is linked to narcolepsy, and measuring hypocretin levels aids in diagnosis. Therapies targeting hypocretin signaling show promise as treatment options.

Answer

Elevated hypocretin levels are associated with narcolepsy, and measuring hypocretin levels is irrelevant for diagnosis.

Answer

The hypocretin system is not involved in narcolepsy.

Answer

Hypocretin level testing is the only method for diagnosing narcolepsy.

Question 16

Which genetic mutation is strongly associated with the development of narcolepsy, a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness?

Accepted Answer

Mutation in orexin receptor genes

Answer

Deletion of the CLOCK gene

Answer

Polymorphism in the adenosine A2A receptor gene

Answer

Duplication of the HCRT gene

Question 17

Which of the following is a well-established risk factor for developing narcolepsy?

Accepted Answer

Family history

Answer

Obesity

Answer

Smoking

Answer

Alcohol consumption

Question 18

The 'gold standard' test for diagnosing sleep disorders is:

Accepted Answer

Polysomnography

Answer

Electroencephalography

Answer

Multiple sleep latency test

Answer

Actigraphy

Question 19

The pathophysiology of narcolepsy is primarily attributed to:

Accepted Answer

Dysfunction of the orexin system

Answer

Reduced REM sleep latency

Answer

Increased sleep spindles

Answer

Excessive slow-wave sleep

Question 20

In sleep medicine, the primary purpose of actigraphy is to:

Accepted Answer

Monitor sleep-wake patterns

Answer

Diagnose sleep apnea

Answer

Assess sleep efficiency

Answer

Titrate CPAP therapy

Question 21

Which of the following describes the clinical presentation and recommended treatment for delayed sleep-wake phase disorder?

Accepted Answer

Delayed sleep onset and wake time; light therapy in the morning

Answer

Early sleep onset and wake time; melatonin at bedtime

Answer

Regular sleep-wake pattern; cognitive behavioral therapy

Answer

Fragmented sleep; benzodiazepines

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of insomnia?

Accepted Answer

Nightmares

Answer

Difficulty initiating sleep

Answer

Waking up frequently during the night

Answer

Excessive daytime sleepiness

Question 23

What is the most common type of sleep apnea characterized by repetitive pauses in breathing?

Accepted Answer

Obstructive sleep apnea

Answer

Central sleep apnea

Answer

Mixed sleep apnea

Answer

UARS

Question 24

What is the first-line treatment for excessive daytime sleepiness caused by narcolepsy?

Accepted Answer

Stimulants

Answer

Antidepressants

Answer

Nasal decongestants

Answer

Benzodiazepines

Question 25

Which of the following is a key characteristic of REM sleep behavior disorder?

Accepted Answer

Acting out dreams

Answer

Vivid dreams

Answer

Loss of muscle tone during REM sleep

Answer

Nightmares

Question 26

What is the gold standard for diagnosing sleep disorders such as sleep apnea and insomnia?

Accepted Answer

Polysomnography

Answer

Electroencephalography

Answer

Actigraphy

Answer

Sleep diary

Question 27

Which of the following is a type of sleep disorder characterized by involuntary behaviors during sleep?

Accepted Answer

Sleepwalking

Answer

Nightmares

Answer

Bruxism

Answer

Hypersomnia

Question 28

What is the recommended duration of CPAP therapy for individuals with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea?

Accepted Answer

Continuous use throughout the night

Answer

At least 4 hours per night

Answer

At least 6 hours per night

Answer

At least 8 hours per night

Question 29

Which of the following is a poor sleep hygiene practice?

Accepted Answer

Consuming a large meal before bed

Answer

Establishing a regular sleep-wake cycle, even on weekends

Answer

Creating a relaxing bedtime routine, such as taking a warm bath or reading

Answer

Avoiding caffeine and alcohol before bed

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT a type of sleep disorder?

Accepted Answer

Hyperthyroidism

Answer

Narcolepsy

Answer

Restless legs syndrome

Answer

Insomnia

Question 31

Which of the following is a common symptom of obstructive sleep apnea?

Accepted Answer

Excessive daytime sleepiness

Answer

Night sweats

Answer

Weight loss

Answer

Skin rashes

Question 32

Which of the following tests is most commonly used to diagnose insomnia?

Accepted Answer

Sleep diary

Answer

Polysomnography

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging

Answer

Electroencephalography

Question 33

Which of the following medications is used to treat narcolepsy?

Accepted Answer

Sodium oxybate

Answer

Lithium

Answer

Clonidine

Answer

Risperidone

Question 34

Which of the following is a characteristic of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep?

Accepted Answer

Slow, synchronized brain waves

Answer

High muscle activity

Answer

Rapid eye movements

Answer

Frequent awakenings

Question 35

Which of the following is a symptom of restless legs syndrome (RLS)?

Accepted Answer

Uncomfortable sensations in the legs

Answer

Nightmares

Answer

Tremors

Answer

Seizures

Question 36

Which of the following is a behavioral therapy technique for insomnia?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)

Answer

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

Answer

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

Answer

Exposure and response prevention (ERP)

Question 37

Which of the following factors is associated with an increased risk for insomnia?

Accepted Answer

Poor sleep hygiene

Answer

Low stress levels

Answer

Balanced diet

Answer

Regular exercise

Question 38

What is the distinctive electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern characteristic of obstructive sleep apnea?

Accepted Answer

Periodic episodes of apnea or hypopnea accompanied by abrupt EEG arousal

Answer

Prolonged periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Answer

Sustained periods of stage N1 sleep

Question 39

Which medication is considered a first-line treatment option for narcolepsy?

Accepted Answer

Modafinil

Answer

Antidepressants

Answer

Melatonin

Answer

Benzodiazepines

Question 40

Which of the following is a core symptom of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder?

Accepted Answer

Difficulty falling asleep and waking up at desired times

Answer

Excessive daytime sleepiness

Answer

Frequent nightmares and vivid dreams

Question 41

What is the gold standard diagnostic tool for evaluating sleep disorders?

Accepted Answer

Polysomnography

Answer

Electroencephalography

Answer

Epworth Sleepiness Scale

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging

Question 42

Which of the following interventions does not represent a non-pharmacological approach to improving sleep quality?

Accepted Answer

Opiate medications

Answer

Relaxation techniques

Answer

Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia

Answer

Light therapy

Question 43

Which of the following is a potential health risk associated with untreated sleep apnea?

Accepted Answer

Cardiovascular disease

Answer

Improved cognitive performance

Answer

Reduced risk of accidents

Answer

Weight loss

Question 44

What is the key symptom that distinguishes restless legs syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Irresistible urge to move the legs

Answer

Insomnia

Answer

Parasomnias

Answer

Excessive daytime sleepiness

Question 45

A 45-year-old obese male presents with excessive daytime sleepiness and reports frequently falling asleep during meetings. His wife mentions loud snoring and gasping noises while he sleeps. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Answer

Narcolepsy

Answer

Circadian Rhythm Disorder

Answer

Restless Leg Syndrome

Question 46

Which of the following is considered the gold standard diagnostic test for sleep disorders?

Accepted Answer

Polysomnography

Answer

Sleep Diary

Answer

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Answer

Actigraphy

Question 47

A 25-year-old female experiences irresistible sleep attacks several times a day, often accompanied by sudden muscle weakness. She also reports vivid hallucinations upon falling asleep. These symptoms are most consistent with which sleep disorder?

Accepted Answer

Narcolepsy

Answer

Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder

Answer

Insomnia

Answer

Sleepwalking Disorder

Question 48

What is the primary mechanism of action of modafinil, a medication commonly prescribed for narcolepsy?

Accepted Answer

Promotes wakefulness by increasing dopamine levels in the brain

Answer

Increases serotonin levels, promoting relaxation and sleep onset

Answer

Induces sleep by enhancing GABAergic activity

Answer

Suppresses REM sleep by blocking acetylcholine receptors

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of insomnia?

Accepted Answer

Excessive daytime sleepiness

Answer

Difficulty falling asleep

Answer

Frequent awakenings during the night

Answer

Waking up too early in the morning

Question 50

A young child frequently experiences episodes of screaming and intense fear while sleeping, appearing confused and disoriented. These episodes typically occur during which stage of sleep?

Accepted Answer

Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep

Answer

Wakefulness

Answer

Sleep onset

Answer

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep

Question 51

What is the most appropriate initial treatment approach for restless leg syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Lifestyle modifications, such as regular exercise, iron supplementation, and avoidance of caffeine and alcohol

Answer

Antipsychotic medications to suppress restless leg movements

Answer

Opioid analgesics to alleviate pain and discomfort

Answer

Benzodiazepines to induce sedation and reduce muscle activity

Question 52

Which of the following medications is contraindicated in patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea?

Accepted Answer

Benzodiazepines

Answer

Modafinil

Answer

Stimulants

Answer

Antidepressants

Question 53

Shift work disorder is a type of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Misalignment between the body's natural sleep-wake cycle and work schedules, leading to sleep disturbances and daytime fatigue

Answer

Excessive daytime sleepiness despite adequate nighttime sleep

Answer

Difficulty falling asleep and maintaining sleep throughout the night

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT a common long-term consequence of untreated obstructive sleep apnea?

Accepted Answer

Schizophrenia

Answer

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Stroke