Heart Problems in Kids: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Question 1

In developing countries, what is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children?

Accepted Answer

Rheumatic heart disease

Answer

Kawasaki disease

Answer

Infective endocarditis

Answer

Congenital heart disease

Question 2

Which of the following is a characteristic clinical finding in children with rheumatic heart disease?

Accepted Answer

Mitral valve regurgitation

Answer

Pericardial effusion

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Cyanosis

Question 3

For acute Kawasaki disease, what is the first-line treatment?

Accepted Answer

Intravenous immunoglobulin

Answer

Aspirin

Answer

Ibuprofen

Answer

Prednisone

Question 4

What is the underlying pathophysiology of Kawasaki disease?

Accepted Answer

Immune-mediated inflammation of blood vessels

Answer

Bacterial infection of the heart

Answer

Genetic mutation

Answer

Unknown

Question 5

Which type of acquired heart disease is most commonly diagnosed in children?

Accepted Answer

Rheumatic heart disease

Answer

Kawasaki disease

Answer

Infective endocarditis

Answer

Myocardial infarction

Question 6

Which laboratory test is primarily used to diagnose infective endocarditis?

Accepted Answer

Blood culture

Answer

Echocardiogram

Answer

Cardiac MRI

Answer

Chest X-ray

Question 7

Which echocardiographic finding is most indicative of infective endocarditis?

Accepted Answer

Valvular vegetations

Answer

Pericardial effusion

Answer

Myocardial abscess

Answer

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 8

In the treatment of infective endocarditis, the primary therapeutic goal is to:

Accepted Answer

Eradicate the infection

Answer

Prevent complications

Answer

Improve cardiac function

Answer

Reduce mortality

Question 9

Which of the following is the primary cause of rheumatic heart disease in children in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Streptococcal pharyngitis

Answer

Viral myocarditis

Answer

Infective endocarditis

Answer

Tuberculosis

Question 10

Which laboratory test is most useful in the diagnosis of Kawasaki disease?

Accepted Answer

C-reactive protein

Answer

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Answer

Complete blood count with differential

Answer

Blood culture

Question 11

What is the prognosis of an isolated ventricular septal defect in an otherwise healthy child?

Accepted Answer

Excellent

Answer

Good

Answer

Fair

Answer

Poor

Question 12

Which imaging modality is the most useful for the anatomical assessment of the heart in a child with congenital heart disease?

Accepted Answer

Echocardiogram

Answer

Chest X-ray

Answer

Electrocardiogram

Answer

Cardiac catheterization

Question 13

Which of the following is the most common form of congenital heart disease?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular septal defect

Answer

Atrial septal defect

Answer

Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer

Coarctation of the aorta

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT considered an acquired heart disease in children?

Accepted Answer

Congenital heart disease

Answer

Rheumatic heart disease

Answer

Kawasaki disease

Answer

Myocarditis

Question 15

The primary treatment for Kawasaki disease involves:

Accepted Answer

Anti-inflammatory drugs

Answer

Antibiotics

Answer

Anticoagulants

Answer

Surgery

Question 16

The characteristic murmur associated with mitral valve stenosis is described as:

Accepted Answer

Grating and presystolic

Answer

Harsh and systolic

Answer

Soft and diastolic

Answer

Musical and continuous

Question 17

Which microorganism is the most common cause of rheumatic heart disease?

Accepted Answer

Group A Streptococcus

Answer

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer

Haemophilus influenzae

Answer

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 18

Which clinical manifestation is a hallmark of Kawasaki disease?

Accepted Answer

Strawberry tongue

Answer

Hepatosplenomegaly

Answer

Pericarditis

Answer

Nephritis

Question 19

What is considered the main risk factor for developing rheumatic fever?

Accepted Answer

Poor dental hygiene

Answer

Limited access to healthcare

Answer

Genetic susceptibility

Answer

Exposure to air pollution

Question 20

Which laboratory test is most useful in diagnosing rheumatic heart disease?

Accepted Answer

Antistreptolysin O titer

Answer

Echocardiogram

Answer

Electrocardiogram

Answer

Complete blood count

Question 21

Which echocardiographic finding is typical in children with rheumatic heart disease?

Accepted Answer

Mitral valve stenosis

Answer

Aortic valve insufficiency

Answer

Pulmonary artery enlargement

Answer

Pericardial effusion

Question 22

Why are prophylactic antibiotics used in children with a history of rheumatic heart disease? Describe the recommended antibiotic regimens and duration of treatment.

Accepted Answer

To prevent recurrent rheumatic fever and infective endocarditis

Answer

To treat active rheumatic heart disease

Answer

To enhance cardiac function

Question 23

Which of these is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Rheumatic fever

Answer

Kawasaki disease

Answer

Infective endocarditis

Answer

Pericarditis

Question 24

What are the characteristic clinical features of a child with acute rheumatic fever?

Accepted Answer

Fever, joint pain, and rash

Answer

Chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue

Answer

Jaundice, dark urine, and hepatomegaly

Answer

Headache, stiff neck, and photophobia

Question 25

Which laboratory test is most valuable in diagnosing Kawasaki disease?

Accepted Answer

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

Answer

Throat swab culture

Answer

Blood culture

Answer

Cardiac enzyme levels

Question 26

What is the primary treatment for acute rheumatic fever?

Accepted Answer

Aspirin

Answer

Ibuprofen

Answer

Penicillin

Answer

Corticosteroids

Question 27

What is the recommended antibiotic treatment for infective endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus?

Accepted Answer

Vancomycin

Answer

Penicillin

Answer

Erythromycin

Answer

Azithromycin

Question 28

The primary causative agent of rheumatic heart disease is:

Accepted Answer

Streptococcal bacteria

Answer

Staphylococcal bacteria

Answer

Viral infection

Answer

Fungal infection

Question 29

The laboratory finding commonly associated with rheumatic fever is:

Accepted Answer

Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

Answer

Anemia

Answer

Leukocytosis

Answer

Thrombocytopenia

Question 30

The definitive imaging technique for diagnosing acquired heart diseases in children is:

Accepted Answer

Echocardiogram

Answer

Chest X-ray

Answer

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Answer

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 31

The initial treatment of choice for Kawasaki disease is:

Accepted Answer

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)

Answer

Aspirin

Answer

Corticosteroids

Answer

Anticoagulants

Question 32

The most effective way to prevent rheumatic fever is:

Accepted Answer

Antibiotic prophylaxis

Answer

Vaccination

Answer

Regular exercise

Answer

Healthy diet

Question 33

Which of the following is the most critical factor in the successful management of Kawasaki disease?

Accepted Answer

Early diagnosis and treatment

Answer

Regular cardiac monitoring

Answer

Long-term follow-up care

Question 34

In the United States, which of the following is the most prevalent cause of acquired heart disease in children?

Accepted Answer

Rheumatic fever

Answer

Viral myocarditis

Answer

Kawasaki disease

Answer

Bacterial endocarditis

Question 35

What is the primary purpose of the Duke criteria?

Accepted Answer

To diagnose rheumatic fever

Answer

To guide the treatment of bacterial endocarditis

Answer

To classify the severity of Kawasaki disease

Answer

To determine the prognosis of acquired heart diseases

Question 36

Which of the following is a characteristic echocardiographic finding in Kawasaki disease?

Accepted Answer

Dilated coronary arteries

Answer

Valvular vegetation

Answer

Pericardial effusion

Answer

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 37

The long-term outcome of children with acquired heart diseases primarily depends on:

Accepted Answer

The severity of the disease and the adequacy of treatment

Answer

Socioeconomic status

Answer

Age at diagnosis

Question 38

Which of the following is a preventive measure for rheumatic fever?

Accepted Answer

Treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis with antibiotics

Answer

Vaccination against influenza

Answer

Avoidance of exposure to cold temperatures

Question 39

Which clinical manifestation is characteristic of rheumatic heart disease in children?

Accepted Answer

Pancarditis

Answer

Pericarditis

Answer

Myocarditis

Question 40

Which complication is a serious concern in Kawasaki disease?

Accepted Answer

Coronary artery aneurysm

Answer

Myocardial infarction

Answer

Stroke

Answer

Pulmonary embolism

Question 41

Which measure is recommended as a preventative strategy against rheumatic heart disease?

Accepted Answer

Antibiotic prophylaxis against streptococcal infections

Answer

Influenza vaccination

Answer

Pneumococcal vaccination

Question 42

Describe the underlying pathological mechanism of Kawasaki disease.

Accepted Answer

Vasculitis affecting medium-sized arteries

Answer

Pericarditis

Answer

Myocarditis

Answer

Endocarditis

Question 43

Identify a risk factor associated with the development of rheumatic heart disease.

Accepted Answer

Poverty

Answer

Diabetes

Answer

Smoking

Answer

Obesity

Question 44

In the evaluation of acquired heart disease, which diagnostic tool is considered the gold standard?

Accepted Answer

Echocardiography

Answer

Electrocardiography

Answer

Chest X-ray

Answer

Cardiac MRI

Question 45

A 7-year-old presents with fever, conjunctivitis, strawberry tongue, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Kawasaki Disease

Answer

Infectious mononucleosis

Answer

Streptococcal pharyngitis

Answer

Rheumatic fever

Question 46

Which of the following is a late cardiac complication of Kawasaki disease?

Accepted Answer

Coronary artery aneurysm

Answer

Endocarditis

Answer

Aortic stenosis

Answer

Mitral regurgitation

Question 47

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is primarily used in the treatment of Kawasaki disease to:

Accepted Answer

Reduce inflammation and prevent coronary artery abnormalities

Answer

Treat the underlying infection

Answer

Improve cardiac function

Answer

Control fever and pain

Question 48

A 10-year-old presents with migratory arthritis, carditis, and subcutaneous nodules. These findings are most suggestive of:

Accepted Answer

Rheumatic fever

Answer

Infective endocarditis

Answer

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Answer

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Question 49

Which of the following valves is most commonly affected in rheumatic heart disease?

Accepted Answer

Mitral valve

Answer

Aortic valve

Answer

Tricuspid valve

Answer

Pulmonary valve

Question 50

The primary etiologic agent responsible for rheumatic fever is:

Accepted Answer

Group A streptococcus

Answer

Escherichia coli

Answer

Staphylococcus aureus

Answer

Parvovirus B19

Question 51

Long-term antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended after an episode of rheumatic fever to prevent:

Accepted Answer

Recurrent rheumatic fever

Answer

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer

Infective endocarditis

Answer

Viral myocarditis

Question 52

Dilated cardiomyopathy in children is most commonly caused by:

Accepted Answer

Viral infection

Answer

Drug toxicity

Answer

Genetic mutations

Answer

Nutritional deficiencies

Question 53

A key echocardiographic finding in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is:

Accepted Answer

Left ventricular hypertrophy out of proportion to loading conditions

Answer

Restrictive filling pattern on echocardiography

Answer

Dilated left ventricle with reduced ejection fraction

Question 54

Which of the following is a common presenting symptom of myocarditis in infants?

Accepted Answer

Poor feeding

Answer

Chest pain

Answer

Palpitations

Answer

Syncope