Glomerular Filtration: Interactive Learning Quizzes for Medical Students

Question 1

How do the diameters of the afferent and efferent arterioles affect the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

Increased afferent and decreased efferent arteriole diameter increases GFR.

Answer

Decreased afferent and increased efferent arteriole diameter decreases GFR.

Answer

Increased afferent and increased efferent arteriole diameter has no effect on GFR.

Answer

Decreased afferent and decreased efferent arteriole diameter increases GFR.

Question 2

Which layer is NOT a component of the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

Parietal epithelial cells

Answer

Endothelial cells

Answer

Basement membrane

Answer

Podocytes

Question 3

Which physical force plays a primary role in driving glomerular filtration?

Accepted Answer

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer

Osmotic pressure

Answer

Electrical potential

Answer

Blood flow rate

Question 4

Which cell type in the glomerulus is responsible for maintaining its structural integrity?

Accepted Answer

Mesangial cells

Answer

Endothelial cells

Answer

Podocytes

Answer

Juxtaglomerular cells

Question 5

Which of the following describes the selective permeability of the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

Allows passage of small molecules while restricting larger ones

Answer

Prevents passage of red blood cells and proteins

Answer

Allows passage of all solutes regardless of size

Answer

Is regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 6

Which condition is associated with excessive protein in the urine?

Accepted Answer

Glomerulonephritis

Answer

Chronic kidney disease

Answer

Urinary tract infection

Answer

Diabetes mellitus

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a component of the glomerular filtration barrier?

Accepted Answer

Mesangial cells

Answer

Glomerular endothelial cells

Answer

Glomerular basement membrane

Answer

Podocytes

Question 8

Which of the following is a characteristic of the proximal tubule?

Accepted Answer

Reabsorbs approximately 65% of the filtered sodium

Answer

Secretes hydrogen ions

Answer

Impermeable to water

Answer

Has a low concentration of mitochondria

Question 9

Which of the following hormones is involved in the regulation of water reabsorption in the collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone

Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Parathyroid hormone

Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 10

What is the primary function of the distal tubule?

Accepted Answer

Fine-tuning of potassium excretion

Answer

Reabsorption of calcium

Answer

Secretion of bicarbonate

Answer

Regulation of blood pH

Question 11

What is the most common cause of glomerulonephritis?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune disorders

Answer

Bacterial infections

Answer

Viral infections

Answer

Genetic disorders

Question 12

Which of the following is the primary function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in regulating glomerular filtration?

Accepted Answer

Detect changes in blood pressure

Answer

Release hormones to increase GFR

Answer

Filter blood

Answer

Store urine

Question 13

Which layer is NOT part of the glomerular filtration barrier?

Accepted Answer

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer

Endothelial cells

Answer

Basement membrane

Answer

Podocytes

Question 14

What is a primary function of the macula densa?

Accepted Answer

Sensing changes in filtrate concentration

Answer

Releasing renin in response to decreased blood pressure

Answer

Regulating blood flow to the kidneys

Answer

Producing erythropoietin

Question 15

Which hormone causes an increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Answer

Angiotensin II

Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 16

Which of the following substances is not normally filtered by the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Answer

Glucose

Answer

Sodium

Answer

Urea

Question 17

What is the primary mechanism for the filtration of large molecules across the glomerular filtration barrier?

Accepted Answer

Bulk flow

Answer

Diffusion

Answer

Osmosis

Answer

Endocytosis

Question 18

Which layer is NOT part of the glomerular filtration barrier?

Accepted Answer

Visceral epithelial cells

Answer

Endothelial cells

Answer

Basement membrane

Answer

Podocytes

Question 19

Which force is primarily responsible for the movement of water and solutes across the glomerular filtration barrier?

Accepted Answer

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer

Oncotic pressure

Answer

Diffusion

Answer

Active transport

Question 20

Which substance is normally not found in the glomerular filtrate?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Answer

Water

Answer

Sodium

Answer

Glucose

Question 21

Which mechanism primarily helps to maintain the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier?

Accepted Answer

Negative charges on podocytes

Answer

Fenestrations in endothelial cells

Answer

Hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule

Answer

Microvilli on proximal tubule cells

Question 22

Which cells are responsible for producing renin?

Accepted Answer

Juxtaglomerular cells

Answer

Podocytes

Answer

Mesangial cells

Answer

Epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule

Question 23

The primary determinant of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is:

Accepted Answer

Hydrostatic pressure gradient across the glomerulus

Answer

Colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular capillaries

Answer

Tubular fluid flow rate

Answer

Renin-angiotensin system activity

Question 24

Which substance is excluded from glomerular filtration?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Answer

Sodium ions

Answer

Glucose

Answer

Waste products

Question 25

The filtration fraction, expressing the percentage of renal plasma flow that undergoes filtration, typically approximates:

Accepted Answer

30%

Answer

10%

Answer

20%

Answer

40%

Question 26

Which clinical condition is commonly associated with increased GFR?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes mellitus

Answer

Nephrotic syndrome

Answer

Chronic glomerulonephritis

Answer

Acute renal failure

Question 27

The hydrostatic pressure gradient across the glomerulus is maintained by:

Accepted Answer

Higher pressure in glomerular capillaries relative to Bowman's capsule

Answer

Lower pressure in glomerular capillaries relative to Bowman's capsule

Answer

Equal pressure in both compartments

Answer

Pressure gradient between renal artery and renal vein

Question 28

Which force is the primary driver of glomerular filtration?

Accepted Answer

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer

Starling forces

Answer

Colloid osmotic pressure

Answer

Oncotic pressure

Question 29

Which hormone is part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system that responds to decreased GFR?

Accepted Answer

Renin

Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Erythropoietin

Question 30

Which consequence is commonly associated with decreased glomerular filtration?

Accepted Answer

Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Answer

Normal serum creatinine

Answer

Hyperkalemia

Answer

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 31

Which of the following is a primary function of the renal tubules in regulating acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

Secretion of hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid

Accepted Answer

Reabsorption of bicarbonate ions from the tubular fluid

Accepted Answer

Production of ammonia

Answer

Regulation of glomerular filtration rate

Question 32

Which of the following structures forms the primary filtration barrier in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

Podocyte slit diaphragms

Answer

Bowman's capsule

Answer

Glomerular endothelium

Answer

Basement membrane

Question 33

What is the primary function of the proximal tubule in urine formation?

Accepted Answer

Active reabsorption of glucose and amino acids

Answer

Secretion of hydrogen ions

Answer

Passive reabsorption of water

Answer

Concentration of urine

Question 34

Which component of the juxtamedullary nephrons plays a crucial role in concentrating urine?

Accepted Answer

Loop of Henle

Answer

Vasa recta

Answer

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer

Collecting duct

Question 35

What is the primary role of renin in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

Accepted Answer

To increase blood pressure

Answer

To increase GFR

Answer

To decrease GFR

Answer

To promote sodium excretion

Question 36

What is the most common type of acute kidney injury (AKI)?

Accepted Answer

Prerenal AKI

Answer

Intrarenal AKI

Answer

Postrenal AKI

Answer

Intrinsic AKI

Question 37

What is the primary cause of proteinuria, a condition characterized by excessive protein in the urine?

Accepted Answer

Decreased glomerular basement membrane (GBM) charge

Answer

Increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Answer

Increased tubular reabsorption of proteins

Question 38

The primary function of the glomerulus is to:

Accepted Answer

Filter blood

Answer

Reabsorb glucose

Answer

Secrete renin

Answer

Concentrate urine

Question 39

Which layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of podocytes?

Accepted Answer

Visceral layer

Answer

Parietal layer

Answer

Basement membrane

Answer

Endothelial layer

Question 40

The hydrostatic pressure gradient that drives glomerular filtration is known as the:

Accepted Answer

Glomerular filtration pressure

Answer

Renal plasma flow

Answer

Tubular pressure

Answer

Bowman's capsule pressure

Question 41

Which factor can increase glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

Increased renal blood flow

Answer

Enhanced tubular reabsorption

Answer

Elevated oncotic pressure in Bowman's capsule

Answer

Reduced hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries

Question 42

Approximately what percentage of plasma is filtered at the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

20%

Answer

50%

Answer

90%

Answer

5%

Question 43

Which substance is NOT freely filtered at the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Answer

Sodium

Answer

Glucose

Answer

Water

Question 44

The macula densa plays a crucial role in glomerular filtration by:

Accepted Answer

Sensing changes in tubular fluid composition and regulating GFR

Answer

Producing renin

Answer

Filtering large molecules

Question 45

The clinical test primarily used to measure glomerular filtration rate is:

Accepted Answer

Creatinine clearance

Answer

24-hour urine protein

Answer

BUN

Answer

Renal biopsy

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT a contributor to a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

Increased hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule

Answer

Constriction of afferent arterioles

Answer

Decreased blood pressure

Answer

Increased permeability of the glomerular capillaries

Question 47

What is the primary driving force for glomerular filtration?

Accepted Answer

Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries

Answer

Hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule

Answer

Osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries

Answer

Osmotic pressure in Bowman's capsule

Question 48

Which component is NOT part of the filtration barrier of the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

Basement membrane of Bowman's capsule

Answer

Podocyte foot processes

Answer

Mesangial cells

Answer

Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries

Question 49

What is the primary function of the mesangial cells in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of glomerular capillary blood flow

Answer

Production of filtration barrier components

Answer

Reabsorption of filtered substances

Question 50

Which substance is NOT freely filtered across the glomerular capillary wall?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Answer

Sodium

Answer

Urea

Answer

Glucose

Question 51

In a patient with diabetes mellitus, what is the most likely cause of albuminuria?

Accepted Answer

Damage to the glomerular filtration barrier

Answer

Increased blood pressure

Answer

Decreased renal blood flow

Question 52

Which factor directly influences the glomerular filtration rate by regulating the diameter of the afferent arteriole?

Accepted Answer

Renin-angiotensin system

Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 53

The process of autoregulation in the glomerulus aims to maintain a stable GFR despite changes in:

Accepted Answer

Systemic blood pressure

Answer

Plasma glucose levels

Answer

Red blood cell count

Answer

Blood pH

Question 54

What is the estimated normal range for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in healthy adults?

Accepted Answer

90-120 ml/min

Answer

60-80 ml/min

Answer

10-20 ml/min

Answer

30-50 ml/min

Question 55

A patient with a GFR of 15 ml/min would be considered which stage of Chronic Kidney Disease?

Accepted Answer

Stage 5 Chronic Kidney Disease

Answer

Severe Chronic Kidney Disease

Answer

Mild Chronic Kidney Disease

Answer

Moderate Chronic Kidney Disease