Immunological Disorders: Types, Mechanisms, and Clinical Significance

Question 1

The thymus gland is primarily responsible for:

Accepted Answer

Maturing T lymphocytes

Answer

Producing antibodies

Answer

Engulfing pathogens

Answer

Storing immune cells

Question 2

Which of the following cytokines plays a central role in mediating inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Tumor necrosis factor-α

Answer

Interleukin-2

Answer

Interferon-γ

Answer

Transforming growth factor-β

Question 3

The primary function of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins is to:

Accepted Answer

Present antigens to immune cells

Answer

Activate the complement system

Answer

Produce cytokines

Answer

Destroy pathogens

Question 4

The primary purpose of immunosuppressive drugs in organ transplantation is to:

Accepted Answer

Suppress the immune response and prevent rejection

Answer

Stimulate the immune system to attack the transplanted organ

Answer

Reduce inflammation and prevent tissue damage

Answer

Increase the production of white blood cells

Question 5

The main role of memory cells in the immune system is to:

Accepted Answer

Quickly recognize and respond to previously encountered antigens

Answer

Produce antibodies in response to infections

Answer

Activate the complement system

Answer

Directly kill pathogens

Question 6

How do IgE antibodies contribute to allergic reactions?

Accepted Answer

Trigger mast cell degranulation, releasing histamine and inflammatory mediators

Answer

Inactivate allergens, preventing sensitization

Answer

Suppress the immune response to allergens

Question 7

Which characteristic feature is associated with Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

Accepted Answer

Involvement of IgE antibodies and release of histamine and other mediators

Answer

Activation of the complement cascade

Answer

Cell-mediated immune response

Answer

Production of autoantibodies

Question 8

Autoimmune diseases originate primarily due to:

Accepted Answer

Loss of immune tolerance

Answer

Exposure to foreign antigens

Answer

Immunodeficiency

Answer

Overproduction of antibodies

Question 9

Which test is commonly used to diagnose autoimmune diseases?

Accepted Answer

Antinuclear antibody (ANA) test

Answer

Western blot

Answer

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Answer

Skin prick test

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a type of immunological disorder?

Accepted Answer

Neurological disorders

Answer

Allergies

Answer

Autoimmune diseases

Answer

Immunodeficiencies

Question 11

What is the primary role of IgE antibodies in allergies?

Accepted Answer

Triggering histamine release from mast cells

Answer

Neutralizing antigens

Answer

Activating complement

Answer

Promoting phagocytosis

Question 12

Which autoimmune disease is characterized by the production of antibodies against the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Grave's disease

Answer

Type 1 diabetes

Answer

Multiple sclerosis

Answer

Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 13

What is the primary function of regulatory T cells?

Accepted Answer

Suppressing immune responses

Answer

Activating B cells

Answer

Producing antibodies

Answer

Killing infected cells

Question 14

What is a common clinical manifestation of severe combined immunodeficiency?

Accepted Answer

Recurrent infections

Answer

Autoimmune diseases

Answer

Allergies

Answer

Cancer

Question 15

What is the primary role of vaccination in preventing immunological disorders?

Accepted Answer

Providing immunity to specific pathogens

Answer

Suppressing the immune system

Answer

Treating autoimmune diseases

Answer

Curing immunodeficiencies

Question 16

Which ethical principle is particularly important in treating patients with severe combined immunodeficiency?

Accepted Answer

Informed consent

Answer

Confidentiality

Answer

Autonomy

Answer

Beneficence

Question 17

Which clinical manifestation is commonly observed in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)?

Accepted Answer

Recurrent infections

Answer

Urticaria and angioedema

Answer

Autoimmune disorders

Answer

Anaphylaxis

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of an allergic reaction?

Accepted Answer

Long-lasting immune response that provides lasting protection

Answer

Mediated by Immunoglobulin E

Answer

Rapid development after allergen exposure

Answer

Involves the activation of mast cells and basophils

Question 19

Which type of autoimmune disorder involves the production of antibodies against the body's own thyroid tissue?

Accepted Answer

Graves' disease

Answer

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer

Multiple sclerosis

Answer

Type 1 diabetes

Question 20

Which cytokine is central to the inflammatory response in allergic reactions?

Accepted Answer

Interleukin-4

Answer

Interleukin-10

Answer

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

Answer

Interferon-gamma

Question 21

Which therapeutic approach for autoimmune diseases involves reducing the activity of the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Immunosuppression

Answer

Immunotherapy

Answer

Anti-inflammatory drugs

Answer

Antibiotics

Question 22

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by a delayed onset and involves T-cells?

Accepted Answer

Type IV hypersensitivity

Answer

Type I hypersensitivity

Answer

Type II hypersensitivity

Answer

Type III hypersensitivity

Question 23

Which type of cell is responsible for displaying antigens to T-cells?

Accepted Answer

Dendritic cells

Answer

Neutrophils

Answer

Macrophages

Answer

Eosinophils

Question 24

Which immunoglobulin is primarily involved in combating extracellular bacteria?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Answer

IgA

Answer

IgE

Answer

IgD

Question 25

Which condition is caused by a deficiency in the complement system?

Accepted Answer

Hereditary angioedema

Answer

Angioedema

Answer

Anaphylaxis

Answer

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Question 26

What is the main role of the thymus in immune system development?

Accepted Answer

Maturing T-cells

Answer

Producing antibodies

Answer

Eliminating pathogens from the blood

Answer

Controlling the inflammatory response

Question 27

Which of the following is a hallmark of autoimmune diseases?

Accepted Answer

Immune response mistakenly targets the body's own tissues

Answer

Caused by an external pathogen

Answer

Typically involves localized inflammation

Answer

Always leads to organ failure

Question 28

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators?

Accepted Answer

Type I

Answer

Type II

Answer

Type III

Answer

Type IV

Question 29

Individuals with reduced immune function are most likely to have:

Accepted Answer

Immunodeficiencies

Answer

Allergies

Answer

Autoimmune disorders

Answer

Hypersensitivity reactions

Question 30

Which immune cell is involved in both innate and adaptive immunity by engulfing and digesting pathogens?

Accepted Answer

Macrophage

Answer

Neutrophil

Answer

B cell

Answer

T cell

Question 31

Which type of T cell is responsible for coordinating cell-mediated immune responses?

Accepted Answer

Th1

Answer

Th2

Answer

Th17

Answer

Regulatory T cell

Question 32

What is the primary role of MHC molecules in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Presenting antigens to T cells

Answer

Activating B cells

Answer

Producing cytokines

Answer

Destroying pathogens directly

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of autoimmune diseases?

Accepted Answer

Usually resolved with treatment

Answer

Immune system attacks self-tissues

Answer

Presence of autoantibodies

Answer

Can cause organ damage

Question 34

What is the most common clinical presentation of immunodeficiency disorders?

Accepted Answer

Recurrent infections

Answer

Allergic reactions

Answer

Autoimmune manifestations

Answer

Chronic fatigue

Question 35

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves the release of histamine from mast cells?

Accepted Answer

Type I

Answer

Type II

Answer

Type III

Answer

Type IV

Question 36

What is the primary function of B lymphocytes?

Accepted Answer

Produce antibodies

Answer

Destroy infected cells

Answer

Facilitate phagocytosis

Answer

Release cytokines

Question 37

Which cell type is NOT involved in the cellular immune response?

Accepted Answer

B cells

Answer

Cytotoxic T cells

Answer

Helper T cells

Answer

Natural killer cells

Question 38

What is the most likely cause of a decreased absolute lymphocyte count?

Accepted Answer

HIV infection

Answer

Allergic reaction

Answer

Autoimmune disease

Answer

Bacterial infection

Question 39

Which cytokine activates macrophages and neutrophils?

Accepted Answer

Interferon gamma

Answer

Interleukin-2

Answer

Interleukin-4

Answer

Interleukin-10

Question 40

The complement system is part of which immune response?

Accepted Answer

Both innate and adaptive immune responses

Answer

Innate immune response

Answer

Adaptive immune response

Answer

Neither innate nor adaptive immune responses

Question 41

What is the first-line treatment for severe allergic reactions?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Antihistamines

Answer

Corticosteroids

Answer

Antibiotics

Question 42

What is immunological tolerance?

Accepted Answer

Unresponsiveness to specific antigens

Answer

Overreaction to specific antigens

Answer

Increased sensitivity to specific antigens

Answer

Resistance to all antigens

Question 43

Type I hypersensitivity reactions are characterized by which of the following features?

Accepted Answer

Immediate onset, involvement of IgE antibodies, release of histamine and other mediators, association with allergies

Answer

Immediate onset, involvement of IgM antibodies, release of complement proteins, association with blood transfusions

Answer

Delayed onset, involvement of IgG antibodies, release of cytokines, association with autoimmune diseases

Answer

Delayed onset, involvement of cytotoxic T cells, release of perforins, association with organ transplantation

Question 44

Which of the following autoantibodies is most commonly associated with autoimmune thyroiditis?

Accepted Answer

Anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibodies

Answer

Anti-parietal cell antibodies

Answer

Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA)

Answer

Anti-acetylcholine receptor (anti-AChR) antibodies

Question 45

Which of the following cytokines is a key mediator of the allergic response?

Accepted Answer

Interleukin-4 (IL-4)

Answer

Interferon gamma (IFN-γ)

Answer

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)

Answer

Interleukin-10 (IL-10)

Question 46

Which of the following therapeutic interventions is the primary treatment for autoimmune diseases?

Accepted Answer

Immunosuppressive drugs

Answer

Antibiotics

Answer

Surgery

Answer

Anti-inflammatory drugs

Question 47

What is the primary function of immunotolerance?

Accepted Answer

To prevent immune responses against self-antigens

Answer

To enhance immune responses against pathogens

Answer

To suppress immune responses to allergens

Question 48

The most common symptom of primary immunodeficiency is:

Accepted Answer

Recurrent infections

Answer

Fatigue

Answer

Muscle weakness

Answer

Skin rashes

Question 49

A patient presents with recurrent bacterial infections, persistently low serum immunoglobulin levels, and a history of chronic diarrhea. Which of the following immunodeficiency disorders is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)

Answer

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

Answer

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS)

Answer

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA)

Question 50

A 25-year-old female presents with fatigue, joint pain, and a characteristic butterfly-shaped rash on her face. Laboratory tests reveal elevated antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) in her blood. Which of the following autoimmune diseases is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Answer

Scleroderma

Answer

Sjögren's syndrome

Answer

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Question 51

Which of the following immunological mechanisms is primarily responsible for the development of immediate hypersensitivity reactions, such as anaphylaxis?

Accepted Answer

IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation

Answer

Immune complex deposition

Answer

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Answer

Complement activation

Question 52

A patient with a history of penicillin allergy experiences a severe allergic reaction after receiving amoxicillin. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism for this reaction?

Accepted Answer

Cross-reactivity between penicillin and amoxicillin due to shared structural epitopes

Answer

An unrelated adverse drug reaction

Answer

Development of a new allergy to amoxicillin

Question 53

Which of the following is a defining feature of autoimmune diseases?

Accepted Answer

The immune system mistakenly targets and attacks the body's own tissues

Answer

Hypersensitivity reactions to environmental allergens

Answer

Immune deficiency leading to increased susceptibility to infections

Answer

Defective antibody production

Question 54

A patient with recurrent respiratory infections presents with a low lymphocyte count and impaired delayed-type hypersensitivity responses. Which of the following immunodeficiency disorders is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

Answer

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA)

Answer

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS)

Answer

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)

Question 55

A newborn infant presents with recurrent infections, failure to thrive, and a family history of a similar condition in a sibling. Which of the following is the most likely genetic basis for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Autosomal recessive inheritance

Answer

Autosomal dominant inheritance

Answer

Mitochondrial inheritance

Answer

X-linked recessive inheritance