Immunity: A Comprehensive Guide for Nursing Students

Question 1

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

Draining excess fluid from tissues

Answer

Transporting nutrients to cells

Answer

Producing hormones

Answer

Fighting infections

Question 2

Which type of immunity is acquired through exposure to foreign antigens?

Accepted Answer

Adaptive immunity

Answer

Innate immunity

Answer

Humoral immunity

Answer

Cell-mediated immunity

Question 3

Which cell type produces antibodies?

Accepted Answer

B-cells

Answer

T-cells

Answer

Macrophages

Answer

Neutrophils

Question 4

What is the role of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in antigen presentation?

Accepted Answer

To display antigen fragments on the cell surface

Answer

To break down antigens into fragments

Answer

To activate T-cells

Answer

To produce antibodies

Question 5

Which characteristic is associated with a primary immune response?

Accepted Answer

Slow and weak

Answer

Rapid and strong

Answer

Long-lasting

Answer

Specific to a particular antigen

Question 6

What is the primary purpose of vaccination?

Accepted Answer

Preventing or reducing the severity of specific diseases

Answer

Treating existing infections

Answer

Boosting the immune system in general

Answer

Diagnosing diseases

Question 7

Which class of immunoglobulins is responsible for triggering immediate allergic reactions?

Accepted Answer

IgE

Answer

IgG

Answer

IgA

Answer

IgM

Question 8

Which pathways can initiate the complement system, a key component of the innate immune response?

Accepted Answer

Classical, alternative, and lectin pathways

Answer

Classical pathway only

Answer

Alternative pathway only

Answer

Lectin pathway only

Question 9

Which cytokine is primarily responsible for stimulating B cells to differentiate into antibody-producing plasma cells?

Accepted Answer

Interleukin-4

Answer

Interleukin-2

Answer

Interferon-gamma

Answer

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

Question 10

Which type of immune response involves the production of antibodies that can neutralize pathogens?

Accepted Answer

Humoral immunity

Answer

Cell-mediated immunity

Answer

Innate immunity

Answer

Adaptive immunity

Question 11

Which cell type is actively involved in engulfing and destroying microorganisms as part of the innate immune response?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils

Answer

Lymphocytes

Answer

Plasma cells

Answer

Dendritic cells

Question 12

What is the primary function of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)?

Accepted Answer

Presenting antigens to immune cells

Answer

Producing antibodies

Answer

Activating complement

Answer

Recognizing pathogens

Question 13

Which type of immunity is present from birth, providing immediate but non-specific protection against pathogens?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity

Answer

Adaptive immunity

Answer

Passive immunity

Answer

Humoral immunity

Question 14

How does immunological memory enhance the immune response during a secondary infection?

Accepted Answer

It allows for a quicker and more effective response to previously encountered pathogens.

Answer

It lessens the severity of symptoms during subsequent infections.

Answer

It is only specific to certain types of pathogens.

Answer

It can contribute to autoimmune disorders.

Question 15

In antibody-mediated immunity, how does the binding strength of antibodies affect their ability to neutralize pathogens?

Accepted Answer

Antibodies with stronger binding strength are more effective in neutralizing pathogens.

Answer

Antibodies with weaker binding strength trigger a faster immune response.

Answer

Binding strength does not impact antibody-mediated immunity.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a type of immunity in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Inactivated immunity

Answer

Innate immunity

Answer

Adaptive immunity

Answer

Passive immunity

Question 17

Which cells are primarily responsible for presenting antigens to the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Dendritic cells

Answer

B cells

Answer

T cells

Answer

Macrophages

Question 18

Which of the following substances is NOT a cytokine involved in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Adrenaline

Answer

Interleukin-2

Answer

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

Answer

Interferon-gamma

Question 19

What is the primary function of the thymus gland in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

To mature T cells

Answer

To produce T cells

Answer

To produce antibodies

Answer

To store memory cells

Question 20

What is the primary role of the complement system in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

To tag pathogens for phagocytosis

Answer

To directly kill pathogens

Answer

To attract immune cells to the site of infection

Answer

To inhibit the growth of pathogens

Question 21

How do Toll-like receptors (TLRs) contribute to innate immunity, specifically in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?

Accepted Answer

TLRs are receptors on immune cells that recognize specific PAMPs, triggering an immune response.

Answer

TLRs are only involved in adaptive immunity, not innate immunity.

Answer

TLRs only recognize viral PAMPs, not bacterial or fungal PAMPs.

Answer

TLRs are not essential for innate immunity, as other immune mechanisms can protect against infections.

Question 22

Explain how genetic factors and environmental exposures interact to contribute to the development of immune disorders. Provide specific examples of diseases and discuss potential treatments.

Accepted Answer

Genetic factors and environmental exposures interact to increase the risk of immune disorders like asthma and lupus. Treatments include medication, lifestyle changes, and targeted therapies.

Answer

Genetic factors and environmental exposures have no influence on immune disorder development.

Answer

Immune disorders are solely caused by genetic defects, with no environmental impact.

Answer

Environmental exposures alone determine the development of immune disorders, while genetic factors are irrelevant.

Question 23

Define herd immunity and explain its significance in vaccination strategies and preventing infectious diseases.

Accepted Answer

Herd immunity occurs when a significant portion of a population becomes immune, reducing the risk of disease transmission.

Answer

Herd immunity is only effective in large populations and not applicable to smaller communities.

Answer

Vaccination policies should focus on individual protection rather than achieving herd immunity.

Answer

Herd immunity can be maintained without ongoing vaccination efforts, as immunity remains stable over time.

Question 24

What is immune tolerance and why is it crucial in preventing autoimmune diseases?

Accepted Answer

Immune tolerance is the ability of the immune system to differentiate between self and non-self, preventing attacks on the body's own tissues. This is essential in preventing autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly targets healthy cells.

Answer

Immune tolerance is a type of adaptive immunity that involves the production of antibodies against foreign invaders.

Answer

Immune tolerance is temporary and decreases with age.

Answer

Immune tolerance is only relevant in preventing allergies.

Question 25

Which of the following cells is NOT a type of white blood cell?

Accepted Answer

Red blood cell

Answer

Neutrophil

Answer

Lymphocyte

Question 26

Which characteristic is unique to adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Recognition of specific antigens

Answer

Rapid response to infection

Answer

Involvement of phagocytic cells

Answer

Non-specific defense mechanisms

Question 27

Which specialized cell is responsible for presenting antigens to T cells, initiating the adaptive immune response?

Accepted Answer

Antigen-presenting cell (APC)

Answer

Erythrocyte

Answer

Neutrophil

Answer

Platelet

Question 28

What is the primary function of antibodies within the adaptive immune response?

Accepted Answer

To neutralize pathogens, target them for destruction, and enhance phagocytosis.

Answer

To activate complement

Answer

To produce cytokines and chemokines

Question 29

Which type of immunity is acquired over time through exposure to specific antigens, conferring long-lasting protection?

Accepted Answer

Adaptive immunity

Answer

Innate immunity

Answer

Passive immunity

Answer

Humoral immunity

Question 30

What is the primary role of the complement system in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

To enhance phagocytosis, promote inflammation, and directly lyse pathogens.

Answer

To produce antibodies

Answer

To suppress the immune response

Answer

To activate T cells

Question 31

Which substance released by immune cells is NOT classified as a cytokine?

Accepted Answer

Histamine

Answer

Interferon-gamma

Answer

Interleukin-6

Answer

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

Question 32

What is the primary function of the thymus in the development of the immune system?

Accepted Answer

To provide an environment for the maturation and selection of T cells, ensuring self-tolerance.

Answer

To produce antibodies

Answer

To store memory cells

Answer

To synthesize cytokines

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of autoimmune diseases?

Accepted Answer

Self-tolerance

Answer

Inflammation

Answer

Dysregulated immune response

Answer

Tissue damage

Question 34

What is the fundamental principle behind vaccination?

Accepted Answer

To induce an adaptive immune response against a specific pathogen without causing the associated disease.

Answer

To eliminate existing pathogens

Answer

To suppress the immune system

Question 35

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves an immediate IgE-mediated response, often leading to anaphylaxis?

Accepted Answer

Type I (immediate)

Answer

Type II (antibody-mediated)

Answer

Type III (immune complex-mediated)

Answer

Type IV (delayed-type)

Question 36

Which of the following is the primary function of the immune system?

Accepted Answer

To defend the body against foreign invaders, such as bacteria and viruses

Answer

To digest food

Answer

To regulate body temperature

Answer

To produce hormones

Question 37

Which type of immunity develops through exposure to pathogens or vaccinations and provides specific protection against specific pathogens?

Accepted Answer

Adaptive immunity

Answer

Humoral immunity

Answer

Innate immunity

Answer

Passive immunity

Question 38

Which type of immune cell produces antibodies to neutralize pathogens?

Accepted Answer

B cells

Answer

Macrophages

Answer

Neutrophils

Answer

T cells

Question 39

What is the process by which an antigen is recognized and presented to immune cells?

Accepted Answer

Antigen presentation

Answer

Inflammation

Answer

Phagocytosis

Answer

Opsonization

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of antibody-mediated immunity?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Answer

Complement activation

Answer

Opsonization

Answer

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Question 41

Which immune cell is responsible for engulfing and destroying pathogens?

Accepted Answer

Macrophages

Answer

B cells

Answer

T cells

Answer

Neutrophils

Question 42

What is a key characteristic of a strong immune response?

Accepted Answer

High specificity and affinity for pathogens or antigens

Answer

Low specificity and low affinity

Answer

Low specificity and high affinity

Answer

High specificity and low affinity

Question 43

What is the term for the body's non-specific response to injury or infection, involving redness, swelling, and pain?

Accepted Answer

Inflammation

Answer

Immunity

Answer

Allergy

Answer

Autoimmunity

Question 44

Which type of immune cell is responsible for cell-mediated immunity, directly targeting and destroying infected cells?

Accepted Answer

T cells

Answer

B cells

Answer

Neutrophils

Answer

Macrophages

Question 45

What is the primary purpose of vaccination?

Accepted Answer

To induce adaptive immunity and provide long-term protection against specific pathogens

Answer

To directly kill pathogens

Answer

To treat autoimmune diseases

Question 46

What is the process by which B cells produce antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Clonal expansion

Answer

Differentiation

Answer

Maturation

Question 47

Which of the following is a mechanism of passive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Maternal antibodies transferred to the fetus

Answer

Vaccination

Answer

Allergy testing

Question 48

Which type of immune disorder is characterized by the overreaction of the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune disorder

Answer

Allergic disorder

Answer

Immunodeficiency disorder

Answer

Inflammatory disorder

Question 49

What is the purpose of vaccination?

Accepted Answer

To stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against a specific pathogen

Answer

To prevent the spread of infection

Answer

To kill pathogens directly

Question 50

Which of the following factors can weaken the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Stress

Answer

Healthy diet

Answer

Adequate sleep

Answer

Exercise

Question 51

What is the difference between innate immunity and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity is non-specific and provides immediate protection, while adaptive immunity is specific and develops over time

Answer

Innate immunity is specific and provides long-lasting protection, while adaptive immunity is non-specific and provides immediate protection