The Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Clinical Relevance

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT one of the primary functions of the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Facilitating digestion of food

Answer

Receiving, analyzing, and interpreting sensory information

Answer

Coordinating and executing motor responses

Answer

Processing and integrating information to make decisions

Question 2

What is the main function of the spinal cord?

Accepted Answer

Relaying sensory and motor information between the brain and body

Answer

Initiating voluntary muscle movements

Answer

Controlling involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion

Answer

Storing and processing memories

Question 3

Where are the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons primarily located?

Accepted Answer

Spinal cord

Answer

Frontal lobe

Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Basal ganglia

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the human nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Producing offspring

Answer

Processing sensory information from the environment

Answer

Coordinating muscle movements

Answer

Maintaining internal balance

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of hormones

Answer

Coordination of body activities

Answer

Regulation of body temperature

Answer

Response to stimuli

Question 6

Which brain region is responsible for voluntary movements and higher-order cognitive functions like decision-making?

Accepted Answer

Cerebrum

Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Brainstem

Answer

Spinal Cord

Question 7

Which brain structure is responsible for regulating body temperature, appetite, and sleep cycles?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamus

Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Amygdala

Question 8

Within a neuron, what is the main function of the axon?

Accepted Answer

Sending signals to other neurons

Answer

Receiving signals from other neurons

Answer

Protecting the neuron

Answer

Forming connections for signal transmission

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Digesting food

Answer

Maintaining homeostasis

Answer

Processing and responding to stimuli

Answer

Coordinating muscle movement

Question 10

Which function is not directly associated with the cerebellum?

Accepted Answer

Interpreting visual data

Answer

Maintaining muscle tone

Answer

Coordinating voluntary movements

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Breaking down food into nutrients

Answer

Receiving and interpreting sensory data

Answer

Coordinating and controlling bodily movements

Answer

Maintaining homeostasis through regulation of various physiological processes

Question 12

Which neurotransmitter is responsible for initiating voluntary muscle movement?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Question 13

Which part of the brain is mainly involved in complex thinking, decision-making, and planning?

Accepted Answer

Cerebral Cortex

Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Thalamus

Question 14

What sets the somatic nervous system apart from other nervous system divisions?

Accepted Answer

Transmits motor commands to skeletal muscles

Answer

Controls involuntary functions like digestion and circulation

Answer

Receives sensory information from internal organs

Answer

Exclusively located within the central nervous system

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Energy storage

Answer

Sensory reception

Answer

Motor control

Answer

Integration of information

Question 16

Which substance is responsible for regulating blood sugar levels but is not a neurotransmitter?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 17

Which cranial nerve transmits taste sensations from the back third of the tongue to the brainstem?

Accepted Answer

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Answer

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Answer

Vagus nerve (CN X)

Question 18

What is the main function of neuroglia in the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Provide support and nourishment to neurons

Answer

Transmit electrical impulses

Answer

Regulate neurotransmitter release

Answer

Generate action potentials

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Fighting off infections and diseases

Answer

Controlling voluntary and involuntary movements

Answer

Processing sensory information and thoughts

Answer

Maintaining homeostasis and regulating body temperature

Question 20

The cerebellum's primary role in motor coordination is to:

Accepted Answer

Maintain muscle tone and posture

Answer

Initiate voluntary movements

Answer

Process sensory information

Question 21

Which neurotransmitter is primarily linked to feelings of reward, pleasure, and the development of addictive behaviors?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

GABA

Question 22

Which part of a neuron receives signals from other neurons?

Accepted Answer

Dendrites

Answer

Cell body

Answer

Axon

Answer

Myelin sheath

Question 23

Which structure transmits sensory data from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex?

Accepted Answer

Internal capsule

Answer

Hypothalamus

Answer

Basal ganglia

Question 24

Which two structures form the majority of the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Cerebrum and brain stem

Answer

Peripheral nervous system and autonomic nervous system

Answer

Basal ganglia and hypothalamus

Answer

Spinal cord and medulla oblongata

Question 25

In the brain's ventricular system, which ventricle is positioned above the thalamus and acts as a central point for cerebrospinal fluid movement?

Accepted Answer

Third ventricle

Answer

Lateral ventricle

Answer

Fourth ventricle

Answer

Aqueduct of Sylvius

Question 26

What is neurogenesis and why is it important in the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Neurogenesis is the continuous creation of new neurons, crucial for learning, memory, and brain adaptability.

Answer

Neurogenesis only happens before birth and has no relevance in adulthood.

Answer

Neurogenesis is the transformation of glial cells into neurons.

Answer

Neurogenesis is only essential for the peripheral nervous system's development and function.

Question 27

Which of the following best describes the functional organization of the spinal cord?

Accepted Answer

The lateral white columns contain ascending tracts that carry sensory information to the brain.

Answer

The dorsal horn contains motor neurons that control voluntary muscle movement.

Answer

The ventral horn contains sensory neurons that transmit sensory information to the brain.

Question 28

What is the primary pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles

Answer

Reduced dopamine levels in the basal ganglia

Answer

Autoimmune attack on myelin sheaths

Answer

Increased production of free radicals

Question 29

Describe the cerebellum's roles in motor coordination, balance, and cognition. Provide specific examples of neurological disorders caused by cerebellar dysfunction.

Accepted Answer

The cerebellum is essential for motor coordination, balance, and cognition, and its dysfunction can result in neurological disorders such as ataxia, dysmetria, and cognitive impairments.

Answer

The cerebellum mainly controls balance and coordination, with minimal involvement in cognition.

Answer

Cerebellar damage can lead to tremors, balance issues, and cognitive problems, but only in severe cases.

Answer

The cerebellum initiates and controls all voluntary movements.

Question 30

How do glial cells contribute to neuronal health beyond providing structural support?

Accepted Answer

Glial cells actively contribute to neuronal health through neuroprotection, synaptic plasticity, and immune responses.

Answer

Glial cells have no significant role in neuronal health beyond providing structural support.

Question 31

Which characteristic is NOT associated with long-term potentiation (LTP)?

Accepted Answer

Reversal of LTP by low-frequency stimulation

Answer

Increased synaptic strength

Answer

Enhanced release of neurotransmitters

Answer

Phosphorylation of synaptic proteins

Question 32

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with the "fight-or-flight" response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Question 33

The process by which the body maintains internal stability despite external changes is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Homeostasis

Answer

Feedback

Answer

Regulation

Answer

Adaptation

Question 34

Which of the following structures provides physical protection to the brain and spinal cord?

Accepted Answer

Meninges

Answer

Neuroglia

Answer

Neurons

Answer

Ventricles

Question 35

Which technique is used to measure and record the electrical activity of the brain?

Accepted Answer

Electroencephalography

Answer

Electromyography

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging

Answer

Ultrasound

Question 36

The neuron is the basic unit of the nervous system. Which of the following neuron structures is responsible for transmitting electrical signals away from the cell body?

Accepted Answer

Axon

Answer

Dendrites

Answer

Axon hillock

Answer

Cell body

Question 37

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the transmission of excitatory signals between neurons?

Accepted Answer

Glutamate

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

GABA

Question 38

What is the primary function of the myelin sheath in nerve fibers?

Accepted Answer

Insulates the axon to speed up signal transmission

Answer

Protects the axon from damage

Answer

Enables neurons to communicate

Answer

Provides energy for the neuron

Question 39

Which type of nerve fiber transmits sensory information from the body to the spinal cord and brain?

Accepted Answer

Afferent fibers

Answer

Efferent fibers

Answer

Interneurons

Answer

Motor fibers

Question 40

What is the function of the thalamus in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Processes sensory information and relays it to the appropriate areas of the cerebrum

Answer

Controls muscle movements

Answer

Regulates body temperature

Answer

Produces hormones

Question 41

Explain the chronological order of events in nervous system development during embryogenesis, encompassing neurulation, cell migration, and neural circuit formation.

Accepted Answer

A. Neurulation precedes neural circuit formation, followed by cell migration to specific destinations.

Answer

B. Neural circuit formation occurs initially, succeeded by cell migration and then neurulation.

Answer

C. Cell migration is a continuous process throughout embryogenesis, while neurulation and neural circuit formation occur later.

Question 42

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the sympathetic nervous system's "fight or flight" response?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine

Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Question 43

Which region of the brain is responsible for regulating body temperature, hormone secretion, and fluid balance?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamus

Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Medulla oblongata

Answer

Thalamus

Question 44

Which type of neuron carries signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands?

Accepted Answer

Efferent neuron

Answer

Afferent neuron

Answer

Interneuron

Answer

Sensory neuron

Question 45

Which electrical change across the neuronal membrane is characteristic of an action potential?

Accepted Answer

Rapid depolarization followed by repolarization

Answer

Sustained hyperpolarization

Answer

Transient hyperpolarization

Answer

Gradual depolarization

Question 46

Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?

Accepted Answer

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Answer

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Answer

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

Answer

Trochlear nerve (CN IV)

Question 47

Which cells in the nervous system are responsible for transmitting electrical signals?

Accepted Answer

Neurons

Answer

Astrocytes

Answer

Oligodendrocytes

Answer

Ependymal cells

Question 48

What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Prepare the body for "fight or flight" response to stress

Answer

Regulation of digestive processes

Answer

Conservation of energy

Question 49

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for executive functions such as reasoning, judgment, and decision-making?

Accepted Answer

Frontal lobe

Answer

Occipital lobe

Answer

Temporal lobe

Answer

Parietal lobe

Question 50

What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction, enabling muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Question 51

Which structure forms protective layers surrounding the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Meninges

Answer

Dura mater only

Answer

Cerebrospinal fluid only

Answer

Blood-brain barrier only

Question 52

Which glial cell type provides support, insulation, and myelin sheath to neurons in the peripheral nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Schwann cells

Answer

Microglia

Answer

Ependymal cells

Answer

Astrocytes

Question 53

What is the main constituent of cerebrospinal fluid?

Accepted Answer

Water

Answer

Electrolytes

Answer

Proteins

Answer

Glucose

Question 54

What structure connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication?

Accepted Answer

Corpus callosum

Answer

Fornix

Answer

Hypothalamus

Answer

Hippocampus

Question 55

The overarching function of the nervous system is to:

Accepted Answer

Organize and control the body's activities

Answer

Facilitate digestion of nutrients

Answer

Generate hormones for bodily processes

Answer

Shield the body against pathogens

Question 56

Which component listed below does NOT belong to the central nervous system (CNS)?

Accepted Answer

Sensory ganglia

Answer

Brain stem

Answer

Spinal cord

Answer

Cerebrum

Question 57

Epinephrine (adrenaline) is a neurotransmitter associated with the:

Accepted Answer

"Fight-or-flight" response

Answer

Reward and pleasure

Answer

Transmission of nerve impulses

Answer

Mood regulation

Question 58

Which type of neuron conducts signals away from its cell body?

Accepted Answer

Efferent neuron

Answer

Interneuron

Answer

Unipolar neuron

Answer

Afferent neuron

Question 59

The medulla oblongata is responsible for:

Accepted Answer

Regulating vital involuntary functions like heart rate and breathing

Answer

Storing and retrieving memories

Answer

Coordinating voluntary muscle movements

Answer

Processing visual information

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT a type of glial cell found in the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Neuron

Answer

Astrocyte

Answer

Oligodendrocyte

Answer

Microglia

Question 61

The sympathetic nervous system is primarily responsible for:

Accepted Answer

Preparing the body for emergency situations (fight-or-flight response)

Answer

Controlling involuntary bodily functions (e.g., digestion, heart rate)

Answer

Promoting relaxation and rest

Answer

Relaying sensory information to the brain and spinal cord

Question 62

A common symptom of a stroke is:

Accepted Answer

Sudden weakness or numbness on one side of the body

Answer

Persistent fever and chills

Answer

Severe and prolonged coughing

Question 63

Which advanced imaging technique is commonly used to visualize the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Answer

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Answer

X-ray

Answer

Ultrasound

Question 64

Parkinson's disease is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Progressive loss of motor function and coordination

Answer

Seizures and uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain

Answer

Dementia and memory impairment

Answer

Inflammation and damage to the myelin sheath