Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Question 1

Which of the following factors contributes to the development of prerenal AKI?

Accepted Answer

Hypovolemia

Answer

Sepsis

Answer

Glomerulonephritis

Answer

Urinary tract obstruction

Question 2

Which histological finding is characteristic of acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?

Accepted Answer

Tubular dilation and necrosis

Answer

Glomerular hypertrophy

Answer

Interstitial inflammation

Answer

Mesangial proliferation

Question 3

Which of the following laboratory parameters is NOT typically used to assess the severity of AKI?

Accepted Answer

Hemoglobin

Answer

Serum creatinine

Answer

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Answer

24-hour urine output

Question 4

Which of the following interventions is a priority in the management of AKI?

Accepted Answer

Correcting fluid and electrolyte imbalances

Answer

Administering diuretics

Answer

Initiating renal replacement therapy

Answer

Prescribing antibiotics

Question 5

In the early detection of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which nursing assessment is most crucial?

Accepted Answer

Monitoring urine output for changes

Answer

Assessing for edema in the extremities

Answer

Measuring blood pressure

Answer

Listening to lung sounds for crackles

Question 6

What is the most common cause of post-renal AKI?

Accepted Answer

Urinary tract obstruction

Answer

Nephrolithiasis

Answer

Ureteral stricture

Answer

Bladder outlet obstruction

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a recognized mechanism of acute kidney injury (AKI)?

Accepted Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Ischemia

Answer

Nephrotoxins

Answer

Autoimmune disorders

Question 8

Which of the following is the primary site of injury in prerenal AKI?

Accepted Answer

Vasa recta

Answer

Glomerulus

Answer

Proximal tubules

Answer

Collecting ducts

Question 9

The characteristic urinary findings in postrenal AKI include:

Accepted Answer

Isosthenuria

Answer

Proteinuria

Answer

Hematuria

Answer

Pyuria

Question 10

What is the primary function of the proximal tubule in the context of AKI?

Accepted Answer

Reabsorption of sodium and water

Answer

Secretion of potassium

Answer

Bicarbonate reabsorption

Answer

Glucose reabsorption

Question 11

In managing intrinsic AKI, what should be the primary treatment goal?

Accepted Answer

Correcting the underlying cause

Answer

Restoring renal function

Answer

Preventing complications

Answer

Managing symptoms

Question 12

Precisely, which of the following is NOT a primary cause of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus

Answer

Prerenal factors such as hypovolemia or hypotension

Answer

Intrarenal factors such as glomerulonephritis or interstitial nephritis

Answer

Postrenal factors such as urinary tract obstruction

Question 13

Which fundamental mechanism is primarily associated with ischemic AKI?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen deprivation leading to cellular damage

Answer

Direct toxic injury to renal cells

Answer

Immune complex deposition in the glomerulus

Answer

Crystal formation and obstruction within the renal tubules

Question 14

Which type of AKI is characterized by an obstruction in the urinary system?

Accepted Answer

Postrenal AKI

Answer

Prerenal AKI

Answer

Intrarenal AKI

Answer

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)

Question 15

In the assessment of kidney function in AKI, which laboratory test is most commonly used?

Accepted Answer

Serum creatinine, a waste product filtered by the kidneys

Answer

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), another waste product filtered by the kidneys

Answer

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), a measure of the kidneys' filtering capacity

Answer

Urinary protein excretion, an indicator of kidney damage

Question 16

Which nursing intervention is of utmost importance in managing a patient with AKI?

Accepted Answer

Carefully monitoring fluid balance to prevent fluid overload or dehydration

Answer

Administering diuretics to increase urine output

Answer

Providing hemodialysis to remove waste products and excess fluid

Answer

Transplanting a new kidney to replace the damaged one

Question 17

Which histologic finding is characteristic of AKI?

Accepted Answer

Tubular necrosis, the death of renal tubular cells

Answer

Glomerular inflammation, inflammation of the kidney's filtering units

Answer

Interstitial fibrosis, scarring of the kidney's connective tissue

Answer

Vascular thrombosis, blood clots in the kidney's blood vessels

Question 18

The primary mechanism of injury in ischemic AKI is:

Accepted Answer

Tubular necrosis

Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Neutrophil infiltration

Answer

Glomerular damage

Question 19

The most frequent cause of death in patients with severe AKI is:

Accepted Answer

Sepsis

Answer

Hyperkalemia

Answer

Acidosis

Answer

Pulmonary edema

Question 20

Which of the following is an important nursing intervention for patients with AKI?

Accepted Answer

Monitoring fluid balance

Answer

Administering antibiotics

Answer

Performing peritoneal dialysis

Answer

Inserting a central line

Question 21

Which of the following laboratory findings is indicative of prerenal AKI?

Accepted Answer

Elevated serum creatinine with low urine sodium

Answer

Elevated serum creatinine with high urine protein

Answer

Elevated serum creatinine with low urine output

Answer

Elevated serum creatinine with normal urine parameters

Question 22

The most important factor in determining the prognosis of AKI is:

Accepted Answer

Severity of injury

Answer

Etiology of AKI

Answer

Patient age

Answer

Presence of comorbidities

Question 23

Which of the following medications can be used to treat AKI caused by glomerulonephritis?

Accepted Answer

Corticosteroids

Answer

Loop diuretics

Answer

Calcium channel blockers

Answer

Antiplatelet agents

Question 24

The primary mechanism of injury in ischemic AKI is:

Accepted Answer

Hypoxia and cell death

Answer

Apoptosis and inflammation

Answer

Oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage

Answer

Glomerular filtration and proteinuria

Question 25

AKI caused by aminoglycoside antibiotics is primarily due to:

Accepted Answer

Tubular toxicity

Answer

Glomerular inflammation

Answer

Interstitial fibrosis

Answer

Vascular damage

Question 26

The most prevalent cause of AKI in hospitalized patients is:

Accepted Answer

Sepsis

Answer

Ischemia

Answer

Drugs

Answer

Contrast agents

Question 27

Which mechanism of renal injury involves the direct toxic effects of substances on renal tubular cells?

Accepted Answer

Tubular necrosis

Answer

Ischemic injury

Answer

Glomerular injury

Answer

Interstitial fibrosis

Question 28

Which of the following is a potential complication of AKI that can lead to fluid overload?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary edema

Answer

Hypernatremia

Answer

Hypokalemia

Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Question 29

Which imaging modality is most commonly used to assess renal function and detect structural abnormalities in patients with AKI?

Accepted Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

Computed tomography (CT)

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Radionuclide scan

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT a primary cause of AKI?

Accepted Answer

Nephrotic syndrome

Answer

Prerenal azotemia

Answer

Intrarenal injury

Answer

Postrenal obstruction

Question 31

Which of the following biomarkers is most specific for tubular injury in AKI?

Accepted Answer

Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG)

Answer

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Answer

Serum creatinine

Answer

Fraction of excreted sodium (FENa)

Question 32

Which of the following complications of AKI can be life-threatening if severe?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Answer

Hypernatremia

Answer

Hypokalemia

Answer

Hypocalcemia

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI)?

Accepted Answer

Chronic kidney disease

Answer

Prerenal azotemia

Answer

Renal hypoperfusion

Answer

Nephrotoxins

Question 34

The pathophysiology of AKI involving reduced renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate is known as:

Accepted Answer

Prerenal AKI

Answer

Intrinsic AKI

Answer

Postrenal AKI

Answer

Interstitial AKI

Question 35

Which of the following mechanisms of injury is NOT involved in intrinsic AKI?

Accepted Answer

Urinary tract obstruction

Answer

Ischemia

Answer

Inflammation

Answer

Glomerulonephritis

Question 36

The presence of which of the following biomarkers is indicative of tubular injury in AKI?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)

Answer

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Answer

Creatinine

Answer

Urinary sodium

Question 37

AKI is considered severe when the serum creatinine level increases by approximately:

Accepted Answer

2.5 mg/dL

Answer

1.5 mg/dL

Answer

3.5 mg/dL

Answer

4.5 mg/dL

Question 38

Which of the following conditions is a risk factor for the progression of AKI to chronic kidney disease?

Accepted Answer

A combination of the above

Answer

Pre-existing kidney disease

Answer

Severe tubular injury

Answer

Delayed initiation of dialysis

Question 39

What is the most common cause of AKI in hospitalized patients, encompassing around 50% of cases?

Accepted Answer

Sepsis

Answer

Contrast-induced nephropathy

Answer

Drug-induced toxicity

Answer

Autoimmune disease

Question 40

What is the first-line treatment for prerenal AKI, which aims to restore effective circulating volume?

Accepted Answer

Intravenous fluids

Answer

Diuretics

Answer

Antibiotics

Answer

Steroids

Question 41

Which of the following is a clinical feature of prerenal AKI?

Accepted Answer

Oliguria (decreased urine output)

Answer

Pyuria (pus in urine)

Answer

Hematuria (blood in urine)

Answer

Proteinuria (protein in urine)

Question 42

What is the primary goal of management for fluid-responsive prerenal AKI?

Accepted Answer

Restore effective circulating volume

Answer

Initiate dialysis

Answer

Prescribe antibiotics

Answer

Administer diuretics

Question 43

What is a key difference between prerenal and intrinsic AKI?

Accepted Answer

Response to volume expansion

Answer

Urine output

Answer

Urinalysis findings

Answer

Serum creatinine level