Protein Synthesis and Translation: A Comprehensive Guide for Biotechnology Students

Question 1

What is the primary function of tRNA in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Carries amino acids to the ribosome

Answer

Synthesizes amino acids

Answer

Decodes the genetic code

Answer

Releases newly synthesized proteins

Question 2

Which amino acid typically initiates a protein chain?

Accepted Answer

Methionine

Answer

Alanine

Answer

Glycine

Answer

Tryptophan

Question 3

Which type of bond connects amino acids in a protein?

Accepted Answer

Peptide bond

Answer

Ionic bond

Answer

Hydrogen bond

Answer

Covalent bond

Question 4

What is the main purpose of the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

Specifies the sequence of amino acids in a protein

Answer

Determines the number of amino acids in a protein

Answer

Provides instructions for protein folding

Answer

Regulates gene expression

Question 5

Which of the following describes the structure of ribosomes?

Accepted Answer

Two large subunits and two small subunits

Answer

Located only in the cytoplasm

Answer

Responsible for transporting proteins

Answer

Composed only of RNA molecules

Question 6

Which molecule is NOT involved in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

DNA

Answer

mRNA

Answer

tRNA

Answer

rRNA

Question 7

What is the primary function of the ribosome in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Assembling amino acids into a polypeptide chain

Answer

Transcribing DNA into mRNA

Answer

Modifying tRNA molecules

Answer

Proofreading newly synthesized protein

Question 8

Which codon signals the start of protein synthesis in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

AUG

Answer

UAG

Answer

UGA

Answer

UAA

Question 9

What is the role of the stop codon in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Terminating protein synthesis

Answer

Initiating protein synthesis

Answer

Binding tRNA molecules to the ribosome

Answer

Releasing the newly synthesized protein

Question 10

Which technique is commonly used to study protein synthesis in vitro?

Accepted Answer

Cell-free expression systems

Answer

Microscopy

Answer

Electrophoresis

Answer

PCR

Question 11

In protein synthesis, the correct sequential order of events is:

Accepted Answer

Transcription, translation, protein folding

Answer

Translation, transcription, protein folding

Answer

Protein folding, transcription, translation

Answer

Transcription, protein folding, translation

Question 12

Ribosomes are essential in protein synthesis. What is their role?

Accepted Answer

Assembling amino acids into a polypeptide chain

Answer

Translating the genetic code into mRNA

Answer

Storing genetic material

Answer

Regulating protein synthesis rate

Question 13

Which molecule conveys genetic information from DNA to the ribosome?

Accepted Answer

mRNA

Answer

tRNA

Answer

rRNA

Answer

DNA

Question 14

Which tRNA section identifies the genetic code in mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Anticodon

Answer

Aminoacyl binding site

Answer

TΨC loop

Answer

D loop

Question 15

The termination codon is:

Accepted Answer

UAA

Answer

AUG

Answer

GGA

Answer

CCC

Question 16

How is protein synthesis utilized in the creation of therapeutic proteins for medical applications?

Accepted Answer

Production of insulin and other therapeutic proteins

Answer

Gene editing in living organisms

Answer

Identification of individuals through DNA analysis

Question 17

How do post-translational modifications impact protein function and stability?

Accepted Answer

They can enhance or reduce protein activity.

Answer

They only affect protein stability.

Answer

They occur exclusively in eukaryotic proteins.

Answer

They have no effect on protein function or stability.

Question 18

Which environmental factor does NOT typically regulate protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Light intensity

Answer

Temperature

Answer

pH

Answer

Hormones

Question 19

Which molecule carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome?

Accepted Answer

mRNA (messenger RNA)

Answer

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

Answer

tRNA (transfer RNA)

Answer

miRNA (microRNA)

Question 20

What is the smallest unit of the genetic code that specifies a single amino acid?

Accepted Answer

Codon

Answer

Anticodon

Answer

Nucleotide

Answer

Gene

Question 21

Which cellular organelle is the site of protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome

Answer

Golgi apparatus

Answer

Nucleus

Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 22

Which molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation?

Accepted Answer

tRNA (transfer RNA)

Answer

mRNA (messenger RNA)

Answer

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

Question 23

What type of bond links adjacent amino acids in a protein chain?

Accepted Answer

Peptide bond

Answer

Ionic bond

Answer

Covalent bond

Answer

Hydrogen bond

Question 24

Which level of protein structure refers to the sequence of amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Answer

Tertiary structure

Answer

Quaternary structure

Answer

Secondary structure

Question 25

Which type of protein modification involves the covalent attachment of a sugar molecule?

Accepted Answer

Glycosylation

Answer

Methylation

Answer

Acetylation

Answer

Phosphorylation