Attention and Perception: Master the Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology

Question 1

The Gestalt principle of similarity suggests that we tend to group objects that are:

Accepted Answer

Similar in appearance

Answer

Close in proximity

Answer

Moving in the same direction

Answer

Distinct from their surroundings

Question 2

Which of the following visual illusions illustrates the influence of context on perception?

Accepted Answer

Ponzo illusion

Answer

Müller-Lyer illusion

Answer

Ebbinghaus illusion

Answer

Zollner illusion

Question 3

Which of the following is a characteristic of top-down attention?

Accepted Answer

Goal-directed and flexible

Answer

Involuntary and data-driven

Answer

Automatic and effortless

Answer

Triggered by external stimuli

Question 4

The Stroop effect is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Cognitive interference

Answer

Selective attention

Answer

Perceptual organization

Answer

Visual illusion

Question 5

Which brain region is primarily responsible for directing attention?

Accepted Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Answer

Parietal lobe

Answer

Temporal lobe

Answer

Occipital lobe

Question 6

The cocktail party effect refers to our ability to:

Accepted Answer

Focus on a specific conversation amidst background noise

Answer

Ignore irrelevant visual distractions

Answer

Sustain attention for extended periods

Answer

Divide attention effectively between multiple tasks

Question 7

Which characteristic is NOT associated with attention?

Accepted Answer

Unlimited

Answer

Selective

Answer

Sustained

Answer

Effortful

Question 8

Organizing sensory information into meaningful units is called:

Accepted Answer

Perceptual organization

Answer

Selective attention

Answer

Visual illusion

Answer

Gestalt psychology

Question 9

Which Gestalt principle is NOT relevant to perceptual organization?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive expectancy

Answer

Proximity

Answer

Closure

Answer

Similarity

Question 10

According to the filter theory of attention:

Accepted Answer

Only relevant sensory information is initially processed, while irrelevant information is filtered out.

Answer

All sensory inputs are processed initially, with relevant information prioritized.

Answer

All sensory information is processed simultaneously and consciously.

Answer

Attention operates without any filtering mechanism.

Question 11

Which of the following influences attention from a top-down perspective?

Accepted Answer

Expectancies

Answer

Stimulus intensity

Answer

Contrast

Answer

Adaptation

Question 12

Directing attention to a particular sensory modality or stimulus is known as:

Accepted Answer

Selective attention

Answer

Divided attention

Answer

Sustained attention

Answer

Attentional capture

Question 13

Which is NOT a type of selective attention?

Accepted Answer

General attention

Answer

Spatial attention

Answer

Feature attention

Answer

Temporal attention

Question 14

The inattentional blindness phenomenon demonstrates that:

Accepted Answer

Our attention is selective, and we can only focus on a limited portion of stimuli at once.

Answer

We are constantly aware of all sensory information in our environment.

Answer

Visual illusions are caused solely by neural processes, not cognitive processes.

Answer

Perceptual organization is exclusively a bottom-up process.

Question 15

Which of the following is a defining feature of selective attention?

Accepted Answer

Ability to focus on specific stimuli

Answer

Automatic and involuntary process

Answer

Limited capacity

Answer

Enhancement of irrelevant information

Question 16

Perceptual organization involves the process of:

Accepted Answer

Grouping sensory information into meaningful patterns

Answer

Interpreting sensory information based on past experiences

Answer

Maintaining focus on a specific task

Answer

Ignoring irrelevant stimuli

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of a bottom-up processing approach in perception?

Accepted Answer

Seeing a figure in an inkblot

Answer

Interpreting a sentence based on its grammatical structure

Answer

Recognizing a familiar face in a crowd

Answer

Understanding the emotional content of a conversation

Question 18

Visual illusions demonstrate the influence of:

Accepted Answer

Both cognitive expectations and biological limitations

Answer

Cognitive expectations and assumptions

Answer

Biological limitations of the visual system

Answer

Neither cognitive expectations nor biological limitations

Question 19

The Stroop effect is primarily associated with:

Accepted Answer

Cognitive conflict

Answer

Attentional capture

Answer

Top-down processing

Answer

Perceptual priming

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of selective attention?

Accepted Answer

The involuntary processing of all sensory information

Answer

The ability to focus on specific stimuli while ignoring others

Answer

The influence of past experiences and expectations

Answer

The ability to shift attention voluntarily

Question 21

The phenomenon in which an object appears to be smaller when presented with a larger object is known as:

Accepted Answer

Size contrast

Answer

Motion parallax

Answer

Figure-ground illusion

Answer

Adaptation

Question 22

Which brain area is primarily responsible for visual perception?

Accepted Answer

Occipital lobe

Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Amygdala

Question 23

A person with prosopagnosia would have difficulty:

Accepted Answer

Recognizing faces

Answer

Remembering names

Answer

Understanding speech

Answer

Navigating new environments

Question 24

Which of the following is an example of a contextual cue?

Accepted Answer

The background of a picture

Answer

The sound of a car engine

Answer

The smell of bread baking

Answer

The shape of an object

Question 25

The ability to maintain focused attention on a task over time is known as:

Accepted Answer

Sustained attention

Answer

Selective attention

Answer

Divided attention

Answer

Alternating attention

Question 26

Which Gestalt principle of perceptual organization describes our tendency to perceive objects as complete units rather than as a collection of individual elements?

Accepted Answer

Closure

Answer

Proximity

Answer

Similarity

Answer

Figure-ground

Question 27

Which stage of attention involves consciously directing our focus to a specific stimulus?

Accepted Answer

Selective attention

Answer

Sustained attention

Answer

Divided attention

Answer

Top-down attention

Question 28

What term refers to the ability to remain focused on a particular task for an extended period of time?

Accepted Answer

Sustained attention

Answer

Selective attention

Answer

Divided attention

Answer

Alternating attention

Question 29

What is a key distinction between bottom-up and top-down attention?

Accepted Answer

Bottom-up attention is automatic, while top-down attention is controlled.

Answer

Bottom-up attention is influenced by internal goals, while top-down attention is driven by external stimuli.

Answer

Bottom-up attention is unlimited in capacity, while top-down attention is limited.

Answer

Bottom-up attention is only relevant for complex tasks, while top-down attention is important for basic tasks.

Question 30

What phenomenon refers to our tendency to interpret ambiguous stimuli in a way that aligns with our expectations?

Accepted Answer

Perceptual inference

Answer

Visual illusions

Answer

Stereotype threat

Answer

Cognitive bias

Question 31

How does culture shape our attention?

Accepted Answer

Culture influences how we focus our attention.

Answer

Culture has no impact on attention.

Answer

Cultural influences are limited to visual perception.

Question 32

According to the 'spotlight' model, which of the following is true about attention?

Accepted Answer

It focuses on a narrow area at any given time.

Answer

It is evenly distributed across multiple locations.

Answer

It is constantly shifting between different areas.

Answer

It only attends to moving objects.

Question 33

Which of the following illusions involves the perception of apparent motion?

Accepted Answer

The Phi phenomenon

Answer

The Müller-Lyer illusion

Answer

The Ponzo illusion

Answer

The Ebbinghaus illusion

Question 34

Which of the following processes involves actively choosing specific sensory information for further processing?

Accepted Answer

Selective attention

Answer

Perceptual organization

Answer

Visual illusions

Answer

Depth perception

Question 35

According to the 'bottom-up' approach to perception, our perceptual experiences are primarily determined by:

Accepted Answer

The physical characteristics of the stimuli

Answer

Our expectations and past experiences

Answer

Our cognitive processes and beliefs

Answer

Our cultural background

Question 36

Which of the following is a disorder of attention that is characterized by difficulty sustaining focus and increased impulsivity?

Accepted Answer

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Answer

Autism spectrum disorder

Answer

Schizophrenia

Answer

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Question 37

Which of the following is a top-down factor influencing attention?

Accepted Answer

Expectancy

Answer

Intensity

Answer

Contrast

Answer

Salience

Question 38

The Müller-Lyer illusion is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A visual illusion

Answer

A depth cue

Answer

A perceptual constancy

Answer

A perceptual set

Question 39

Which of the following is a key function of the reticular activating system (RAS)?

Accepted Answer

To filter sensory information and control arousal

Answer

To control voluntary movements

Answer

To regulate sleep-wake cycles

Answer

To store long-term memories

Question 40

Which of the following is a characteristic of the attentional blink phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

A temporary deficit in processing visual information

Answer

An increase in perceptual sensitivity

Answer

A shift in attentional focus

Answer

A relaxation of inhibitory control

Question 41

The phenomenon of change blindness refers to:

Accepted Answer

The failure to detect changes in a visual scene

Answer

The tendency to focus on specific details in a scene

Answer

The difficulty in remembering visual information over time

Answer

The influence of past experiences on perception

Question 42

Which of the following is a key brain area associated with sustained attention?

Accepted Answer

Frontal lobe

Answer

Parietal lobe

Answer

Temporal lobe

Answer

Occipital lobe

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT a bottom-up factor influencing attention, according to the bottom-up theory?

Accepted Answer

Top-down expectations

Answer

Stimulus intensity

Answer

Saliency

Answer

Contrast

Question 44

Which type of visual illusion occurs when a straight line appears bent or curved?

Accepted Answer

Poggendorff illusion

Answer

Müller-Lyer illusion

Answer

Ponzo illusion

Answer

Ebbinghaus illusion

Question 45

In the Stroop task, which condition typically leads to the slowest reaction times?

Accepted Answer

Incongruent condition

Answer

Congruent condition

Answer

Neutral condition

Answer

Control condition

Question 46

Which brain area is primarily responsible for maintaining and shifting attention?

Accepted Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Answer

Thalamus

Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Amygdala

Question 47

Which of the following is a characteristic of top-down processing?

Accepted Answer

It is driven by internal factors, such as knowledge and goals.

Answer

It is fully automatic and effortless.

Answer

It is unaffected by bottom-up factors, such as stimulus salience.

Answer

It is only used in low-level cognitive tasks, such as sensory perception.

Question 48

What cognitive ability involves the rapid and efficient shifting of attention between different stimuli?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive flexibility

Answer

Perceptual salience

Answer

Visual acuity

Answer

Response inhibition

Question 49

How does attention capture differ from voluntary attention?

Accepted Answer

Attention capture occurs involuntarily, while voluntary attention is intentional.

Answer

Voluntary attention is more susceptible to distraction, while attention capture is not.

Answer

Attention capture involves a narrow focus, while voluntary attention involves a broad focus.

Answer

Voluntary attention is faster and more efficient than attention capture.

Question 50

Which of the following is a bottom-up factor that influences attention?

Accepted Answer

Stimulus intensity

Answer

Personal relevance

Answer

Expectations

Answer

Task demands

Question 51

How does the perceptual expectancy effect influence our perception?

Accepted Answer

It leads us to interpret ambiguous stimuli in ways that are consistent with our expectations.

Answer

It causes us to perceive objects that are not actually present.

Answer

It makes us more likely to overlook objects that do not match our expectations.

Answer

It has no significant effect on our perception.