Golgi Apparatus: Structure, Function, and Role in Protein Sorting

Question 1

Which organelle is responsible for adding carbohydrate molecules to proteins?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Answer

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer

Lysosome

Answer

Mitochondria

Question 2

The Golgi apparatus is composed of which three main sections?

Accepted Answer

Cis-Golgi, trans-Golgi, and medial-Golgi

Answer

Cis-Golgi, trans-Golgi, and reticular-Golgi

Answer

Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosome

Answer

Cis-Golgi, medial-Golgi, and trans-Golgi

Question 3

The Golgi apparatus is primarily involved in the processing of:

Accepted Answer

Proteins

Answer

Carbohydrates

Answer

Lipids

Answer

Nucleic acids

Question 4

The formation of secretory vesicles occurs in which section of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Trans-Golgi

Answer

Cis-Golgi

Answer

Medial-Golgi

Answer

Reticular-Golgi

Question 5

Which of the following molecules is modified in the Golgi apparatus by the addition of sulfate groups?

Accepted Answer

Proteoglycans

Answer

Phospholipids

Answer

Cholesterol

Answer

Amino acids

Question 6

The Golgi apparatus establishes a unique pH gradient across its membranes, with a lower pH in which section?

Accepted Answer

Cis-Golgi

Answer

Trans-Golgi

Answer

Medial-Golgi

Answer

Reticular-Golgi

Question 7

Which type of post-translational modification occurs primarily in the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Glycosylation

Answer

Phosphorylation

Answer

Acetylation

Answer

Ubiquitination

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Lipid synthesis

Answer

Protein sorting and modification

Answer

Lysosome formation

Answer

Carbohydrate modification

Question 9

Which of the following modifications is specifically performed on proteins within the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Glycosylation

Answer

Acetylation

Answer

Phosphorylation

Answer

Ubiquitination

Question 10

Which type of vesicle is primarily responsible for transporting secretory proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

COPII vesicle

Answer

Clathrin-coated vesicle

Answer

COPI vesicle

Answer

Caveolin-coated vesicle

Question 11

What is the primary role of the cis-Golgi network (CGN) in the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Receiving proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer

Modifying and sorting proteins

Answer

Packaging proteins into secretory vesicles

Answer

Recycling Golgi apparatus proteins

Question 12

What is the specific role of the KDEL receptor in the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Retaining resident Golgi apparatus proteins

Answer

Sorting lysosomal enzymes

Answer

Transporting secretory proteins

Answer

Modifying glycosylated proteins

Question 13

Which of the following statements accurately describes a key characteristic of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

It dynamically changes shape and reorganizes to meet cellular needs.

Answer

It is a static structure with a fixed shape and size.

Answer

It is absent in prokaryotic cells

Answer

It is the main site of ATP production in the cell.

Question 14

Which of the following molecules is typically transported through the trans-Golgi network (TGN) of plant cells?

Accepted Answer

Newly synthesized cell wall components

Answer

Secretory proteins

Answer

Lysosomal enzymes

Answer

Mitochondrial proteins

Question 15

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in the cell?

Accepted Answer

Protein sorting and modification

Answer

Protein synthesis

Answer

ATP generation

Answer

Genetic material storage

Question 16

Which arrangement characterizes the Golgi apparatus and its associated vesicles?

Accepted Answer

Stacked, flattened cisternae with vesicles budding primarily from the trans face.

Answer

Unstacked, randomly arranged cisternae with vesicles budding from all faces.

Answer

Cisternae arranged in a circular pattern with vesicles budding from the periphery.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Answer

Protein glycosylation

Answer

Lipid modification

Answer

Sulfation of proteins

Question 18

Which of the following is a protein that undergoes extensive modification in the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Answer

Hemoglobin

Answer

Collagen

Answer

Keratin

Question 19

Which of the following diseases is associated with a deficiency in the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Tay-Sachs disease

Answer

Cystic fibrosis

Answer

Multiple sclerosis

Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Question 20

What is the name of the region of the Golgi apparatus where incoming vesicles from the ER fuse?

Accepted Answer

Cis-Golgi network

Answer

Medial cisternae

Answer

Trans-Golgi network

Answer

Secretory vesicles

Question 21

Which of the following proteins is involved in the transport of vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

COPII

Answer

COPI

Answer

KDEL

Answer

Clathrin

Question 22

Which of the following drugs disrupts the function of the Golgi apparatus by inhibiting protein transport?

Accepted Answer

Brefeldin A

Answer

Monensin

Answer

Cytochalasin D

Answer

Colchicine

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Lipid synthesis

Answer

Protein modification

Answer

Glycoprotein synthesis

Answer

Lysosome formation

Question 24

The cis-Golgi network (CGN) is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Receiving vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer

Containing enzymes involved in protein glycosylation

Answer

Being the site of lysosome formation

Answer

Having a pH of approximately 6.5

Question 25

Which of the following diseases is caused by a defect in the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Tay-Sachs disease

Answer

Cystic fibrosis

Answer

Huntington's disease

Answer

Multiple sclerosis

Question 26

Regarding the movement of the Golgi apparatus, which statement is accurate?

Accepted Answer

It remains relatively stationary within the cell.

Answer

It constantly перемещается around the cell.

Answer

It is anchored to the microtubule network.

Answer

Its movement strictly relies on motor proteins.

Question 27

Which cargo receptor protein specifically resides in the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

COPI

Answer

COPII

Answer

Clathrin

Answer

Dynamin

Question 28

The analogy that best describes the function of the Golgi apparatus is:

Accepted Answer

Receiving and sorting mail for various destinations

Answer

Producing and distributing new mail

Answer

Storing and retrieving old mail

Answer

Transmitting mail between different regions of the city

Question 29

Which of the following is not a known function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Lipid synthesis

Answer

Protein modification

Answer

Storage of secretory products

Answer

Carbohydrate synthesis

Question 30

The organized stack of flattened membrane-bound sacs that constitute the Golgi apparatus is known as:

Accepted Answer

Cisternae

Answer

Ribosomes

Answer

Lysosomes

Answer

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 31

Which type of transport vesicle originates from the Golgi apparatus to carry secretory products?

Accepted Answer

COPII vesicle

Answer

COPI vesicle

Answer

Clathrin-coated vesicle

Answer

Caveola

Question 32

The Golgi apparatus is primarily responsible for which of the following cellular processes?

Accepted Answer

Protein sorting, modification, and packaging

Answer

Protein synthesis

Answer

Lipid synthesis

Answer

DNA replication

Question 33

Which of the following organelles is directly involved in protein glycosylation?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Answer

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer

Mitochondria

Answer

Lysosomes

Question 34

Which of the following proteins is involved in the anterograde transport of vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

COPII

Answer

Sec61

Answer

COPI

Answer

KDEL receptor

Question 35

The Golgi apparatus plays a crucial role in the secretory pathway. Which of the following is NOT a type of secretory vesicle that can be produced by the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Lysosomes

Answer

Constitutive secretory vesicles

Answer

Regulated secretory vesicles

Answer

Exosomes

Question 36

Which of the following is **not** a primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Lipid synthesis

Answer

Protein sorting

Answer

Protein modification

Answer

Formation of lysosomes

Question 37

Which of the following proteins is **not** processed within the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrial proteins

Answer

Lysosomal enzymes

Answer

Plasma membrane proteins

Answer

Secretory proteins

Question 38

Which of the following pharmacological agents inhibits protein trafficking through the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Brefeldin A

Answer

Cytochalasin B

Answer

Colchicine

Answer

Nocodazole

Question 39

Which of the following diseases is primarily caused by a defect in the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Tay-Sachs disease

Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Parkinson's disease

Answer

Huntington's disease

Question 40

Which experimental technique is commonly used to study the dynamics of protein trafficking through the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Live-cell imaging

Answer

Immunofluorescence microscopy

Answer

Electron microscopy

Answer

Western blotting

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Generating ribosomes

Answer

Sorting and modifying proteins

Answer

Forming secretory vesicles

Answer

Recycling certain plasma membrane components

Question 42

Which of these molecules is NOT involved in the glycosylation process in the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Amino acids

Answer

Sugar molecules (e.g., glucose, galactose)

Answer

Phospholipids

Answer

Nucleotides

Question 43

What is the main structural feature that distinguishes the Golgi apparatus from other organelles?

Accepted Answer

Membranous sacs (cisternae) arranged in stacks

Answer

Double-membrane envelope

Answer

Presence of ribosomes on the surface

Answer

Tubular or filamentous network

Question 44

Which of the following organelles receives vesicles from the cis-Golgi network?

Accepted Answer

Secretory vesicles

Answer

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer

Lysosomes

Answer

Peroxisomes

Question 45

What is the role of the trans-Golgi network in the secretory pathway?

Accepted Answer

Packages proteins into vesicles for secretion

Answer

Modifies and sorts proteins

Answer

Returns proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer

Recycles membrane components

Question 46

Which of these diseases is associated with a defect in Golgi apparatus function?

Accepted Answer

Cystic fibrosis

Answer

Type 1 diabetes

Answer

Huntington's disease

Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Question 47

What is the primary role of the Golgi ribbon in plant cells?

Accepted Answer

Cell wall synthesis

Answer

Lipid metabolism

Answer

Protein synthesis

Answer

Mitochondrial respiration

Question 48

Which of the following techniques is commonly used to study the Golgi apparatus in living cells?

Accepted Answer

Immunofluorescence microscopy

Answer

Electron microscopy (only in fixed samples)

Answer

Western blotting

Answer

Flow cytometry

Question 49

What is the name of the protein complex that plays a critical role in tethering transport vesicles to the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

COPII complex

Answer

COPI complex

Answer

SNARE complex

Answer

Clathrin complex

Question 50

Which of the following is a primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Modifies and sorts proteins

Answer

Generates ATP

Answer

Synthesizes lipids

Answer

Produces carbohydrates

Question 51

Where does protein glycosylation occur within the cell?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Answer

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer

Lysosomes

Answer

Ribosomes

Question 52

What type of membrane transport is primarily utilized by the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Vesicular transport

Answer

Active transport

Answer

Facilitated diffusion

Answer

Osmosis

Question 53

What is the primary role of the cis-Golgi network?

Accepted Answer

Receives molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer

Packages molecules into vesicles

Answer

Transport molecules to the plasma membrane

Answer

Modifies and sorts molecules

Question 54

Which enzyme is directly involved in the process of protein glycosylation within the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Glycosyltransferase

Answer

Nuclease

Answer

Protease

Answer

Lipase

Question 55

How does Brefeldin A primarily affect the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Causes disassembly

Answer

Promotes vesicle formation

Answer

Enhances protein transport

Answer

Inhibits protein glycosylation

Question 56

Which of the following diseases is strongly associated with Golgi apparatus dysfunction?

Accepted Answer

Congenital disorders of glycosylation

Answer

Cystic fibrosis

Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Parkinson's disease

Question 57

Describe the relationship between the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum in protein processing.

Accepted Answer

The Golgi apparatus receives newly synthesized proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum for further modifications and sorting.

Answer

The Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum are independent organelles with no direct interaction.

Answer

The Golgi apparatus modifies proteins before the endoplasmic reticulum.