Thyroid Disease: Definition, Classification, Diagnosis, and Management

Question 1

Which of the following is a common clinical sign of Graves' disease?

Accepted Answer

Exophthalmos

Answer

Bradycardia

Answer

Weight gain

Answer

Loss of appetite

Question 2

In the United States, what is the prevalent cause of primary hypothyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Answer

Thyroid surgery

Answer

Radioactive iodine therapy

Answer

Congenital hypothyroidism

Question 3

For Graves' disease, what is the recommended initial treatment option?

Accepted Answer

Antithyroid medication

Answer

Radioactive iodine therapy

Answer

Thyroid surgery

Answer

Beta-blockers

Question 4

Which laboratory test is most valuable for diagnosing hyperthyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Free thyroxine (FT4)

Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer

Thyroid antibodies

Answer

Thyroglobulin

Question 5

For patients with hypothyroidism, the recommended duration of thyroid hormone replacement therapy is:

Accepted Answer

Forever

Answer

6 months

Answer

1 year

Answer

Until symptoms subside

Question 6

For the definitive diagnosis of thyroid cancer, what is the gold standard test?

Accepted Answer

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy

Answer

Thyroid ultrasound

Answer

Thyroid scan

Answer

Thyroglobulin level

Question 7

Which condition is the primary cause of hyperthyroidism in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Graves' disease

Answer

Toxic multinodular goiter

Answer

Thyroiditis

Answer

Pituitary adenoma

Question 8

Which imaging test is typically the first step in evaluating a thyroid nodule?

Accepted Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

CT scan

Answer

MRI

Answer

Thyroid scan

Question 9

Which of the following is the primary cause of hyperthyroidism in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Graves' disease

Answer

Toxic multinodular goiter

Answer

Toxic adenoma

Answer

Subacute thyroiditis

Question 10

What is the initial treatment approach for Graves' disease?

Accepted Answer

Antithyroid medications

Answer

Radioactive iodine

Answer

Surgery

Answer

Beta-blockers

Question 11

Which intervention is most appropriate for a patient with a large, multinodular thyroid gland causing compressive symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Surgical intervention

Answer

Medical treatment with antithyroid medications

Answer

Radioactive iodine treatment

Answer

Observation and monitoring

Question 12

Which potential adverse effect is associated with radioactive iodine treatment for hyperthyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Hypothyroidism

Answer

Thyroid storm

Answer

Graves' ophthalmopathy

Answer

Myxedema coma

Question 13

Which medication is used to treat subacute thyroiditis?

Accepted Answer

Prednisone

Answer

Aspirin

Answer

Levothyroxine

Answer

Propylthiouracil

Question 14

In evaluating a patient with a history of thyroid cancer for recurrence, which imaging technique offers the highest sensitivity for detecting small lesions?

Accepted Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan

Answer

Thyroid scan

Question 15

Reworded: Which is the prevalent cause of hyperthyroidism in the US?

Accepted Answer

Graves' disease

Answer

Toxic multinodular goiter

Answer

Toxic adenoma

Answer

Subacute thyroiditis

Question 16

Reworded: A patient with a palpable thyroid nodule and suppressed TSH is likely to have:

Accepted Answer

Revised: Toxic adenoma

Answer

Graves' disease

Answer

Follicular thyroid cancer

Answer

Thyroid lymphoma

Question 17

Reworded: Which of these is a potential complication of untreated hypothyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Revised: All of the above

Answer

Myxedema coma

Answer

Heart failure

Answer

Infertility

Question 18

Reworded: The initial treatment of choice for Graves' disease is:

Accepted Answer

Revised: Antithyroid medications

Answer

Radioactive iodine therapy

Answer

Thyroidectomy

Answer

Observation

Question 19

Reworded: Which laboratory finding is characteristic of subacute thyroiditis?

Accepted Answer

Revised: Low T3

Answer

Elevated TSH

Answer

Elevated T4

Answer

Increased thyroid antibodies

Question 20

Reworded: The preferred imaging technique for evaluating thyroid nodules is:

Accepted Answer

Revised: Ultrasound

Answer

Computed tomography

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging

Answer

X-ray

Question 21

Reworded: A patient with a TSH level of 0.01 mIU/L and a free T4 level of 1.8 ng/dL is most likely to have:

Accepted Answer

Revised: Subclinical hyperthyroidism

Answer

Hyperthyroidism

Answer

Hypothyroidism

Answer

Subclinical hypothyroidism

Question 22

What is the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism in adults?

Accepted Answer

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Answer

Graves' disease

Answer

Radiation treatment

Answer

Thyroid surgery

Question 23

Which of the following tests is primarily used to confirm the diagnosis of subclinical hypothyroidism?

Accepted Answer

TSH level

Answer

Free T4 level

Answer

Thyroid antibodies

Answer

Thyroid ultrasound

Question 24

Which of the following medications is used to treat both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Levothyroxine

Answer

Propylthiouracil

Answer

Liothyronine

Answer

Methimazole

Question 25

What is the most common cause of acute thyroiditis?

Accepted Answer

Bacterial infection

Answer

Viral infection

Answer

Autoimmune disease

Answer

Radiation exposure

Question 26

What is the primary goal of thyroid hormone replacement therapy?

Accepted Answer

Relieve symptoms of hypothyroidism

Answer

Suppress TSH levels

Answer

Prevent thyroid cancer

Answer

Reduce the size of a goiter

Question 27

What is the most common type of thyroid cancer in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Papillary thyroid cancer

Answer

Follicular thyroid cancer

Answer

Medullary thyroid cancer

Answer

Anaplastic thyroid cancer

Question 28

In evaluating a patient with symptoms and signs suggestive of hypothyroidism, which of the following tests is considered the most sensitive and should be ordered first?

Accepted Answer

Serum thyrotropin (TSH)

Answer

Serum thyroxine (T4)

Answer

Serum triiodothyronine (T3)

Answer

Thyroid antibodies

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT a cause of hyperthyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Thyroiditis

Answer

Graves' disease

Answer

Toxic multinodular goiter

Answer

Pituitary adenoma

Question 30

The most common cause of primary hypothyroidism is:

Accepted Answer

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Answer

Graves' disease

Answer

Thyroidectomy

Answer

Radioactive iodine therapy

Question 31

Which of the following is a typical clinical manifestation of hyperthyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Heat intolerance

Answer

Bradycardia

Answer

Weight gain

Answer

Constipation

Question 32

The first-line treatment for Graves' disease is:

Accepted Answer

Antithyroid medications

Answer

Radioactive iodine therapy

Answer

Thyroidectomy

Answer

Beta-blockers

Question 33

The management of subclinical hypothyroidism typically involves:

Accepted Answer

Observation without treatment

Answer

Thyroid hormone replacement therapy

Answer

Antithyroid medications

Answer

Radioactive iodine therapy

Question 34

The pathophysiology of Hashimoto's thyroiditis involves:

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune destruction of thyroid cells

Answer

Stimulation of the thyroid gland by thyroid-stimulating hormone

Answer

Inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis

Answer

Overproduction of thyroid hormone

Question 35

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of thyroid nodules?

Accepted Answer

Usually solitary

Answer

Generally malignant

Answer

Often tender to palpation

Answer

Always require surgery

Question 36

What is the most common cause of secondary hypothyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Pituitary dysfunction

Answer

Thyroiditis

Answer

Iodine deficiency

Answer

Medications

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical presentation of Graves' disease?

Accepted Answer

Regular bowel movements

Answer

Weight loss

Answer

Heat intolerance

Question 38

Which of the following conditions does NOT directly involve the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes

Answer

Hyperthyroidism

Answer

Hypothyroidism

Answer

Thyroiditis

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a thyroid disorder?

Accepted Answer

Pituitary tumor

Answer

Graves' Disease

Answer

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Question 40

Explain how iodine intake influences thyroid health and hormone production.

Accepted Answer

Iodine is crucial for synthesizing thyroglobulin, a precursor to thyroid hormones.

Answer

Iodine is not essential for normal thyroid function.

Answer

Iodine intake mainly affects parathyroid hormone levels.

Question 41

Which of the following is a key clinical feature of Graves' disease?

Accepted Answer

Exophthalmos (bulging eyes)

Answer

Myxedema (thickened skin)

Answer

Muscle weakness

Answer

Darkened skin

Question 42

Which type of thyroiditis is commonly associated with thyroid dysfunction that occurs after pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Postpartum thyroiditis

Answer

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Answer

Silent thyroiditis

Answer

Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis

Question 43

In diagnosing hypothyroidism, which laboratory test is most commonly used to confirm the diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Answer

Thyroxine (T4)

Answer

Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies

Question 44

For the initial treatment of hyperthyroidism, which medication is typically the first choice?

Accepted Answer

Propylthiouracil

Answer

Iodine

Answer

Prednisone

Answer

Levothyroxine

Question 45

In cases of thyroid cancer, which surgical procedure is commonly performed as the primary treatment?

Accepted Answer

Thyroidectomy

Answer

Subtotal thyroidectomy (removal of most of the thyroid)

Answer

Parathyroidectomy (removal of the parathyroid glands)

Answer

Lobectomy (removal of one lobe of the thyroid)

Question 46

Which factor is considered a risk factor for the development of thyroid nodules?

Accepted Answer

Female sex

Answer

Smoking

Answer

Obesity

Question 47

Which type of goiter is characterized by a uniform enlargement of the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Colloid goiter

Answer

Multinodular goiter

Answer

Toxic goiter

Answer

Substernal goiter

Question 48

Which hormone plays a central role in regulating the production of thyroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer

Growth hormone (GH)

Answer

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 49

Which complication is a potential consequence of untreated hypothyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Myxedema coma

Answer

Thyroid nodules

Answer

Thyroid storm

Answer

Graves' ophthalmopathy

Question 50

For diagnosing thyroid cysts, which imaging modality is typically the most effective?

Accepted Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

Thyroid scan

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Computed tomography (CT)