Genitourinary Assessment and Monitoring for Pediatrics: Online Learning Quizzes

Question 1

Which imaging technique is most appropriate for assessing the size and location of the kidneys in a pediatric patient?

Accepted Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

Auscultation

Answer

X-ray

Question 2

What is the primary purpose of a voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)?

Accepted Answer

Evaluating bladder function and detecting reflux

Answer

Visualizing the kidneys and ureters

Answer

Diagnosing urinary tract infections

Answer

Treating congenital anomalies

Question 3

Which of the following is a limitation of clean-catch urine collection in infants and young children compared to catheterized or midstream collection?

Accepted Answer

Higher risk of contamination

Answer

Greater discomfort for the child

Answer

Less cooperation required from the child

Answer

Larger volume of urine collected

Question 4

A 10-year-old boy presents with recurrent urinary tract infections. On examination, he has enlarged kidneys and a palpable bladder. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Posterior urethral valves

Answer

Vesicoureteral reflux

Answer

Urethral stricture

Answer

Bladder exstrophy

Question 5

When conducting a genitourinary examination on a child, which approach best adheres to ethical considerations and patient interaction techniques?

Accepted Answer

Obtain informed consent, prepare the child, and respect their privacy and dignity.

Answer

Use sterile technique and appropriate chaperones.

Answer

Perform the examination swiftly and explain it later.

Answer

Disregard the child's questions or concerns during the examination.

Question 6

In children, which urinalysis finding is indicative of a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

Accepted Answer

Cloudy or foul-smelling urine with bacteria

Answer

Clear, yellow urine with no sediment

Answer

Pale, dilute urine with a low specific gravity

Answer

Dark, concentrated urine with a high specific gravity

Question 7

Which physical examination finding is indicative of undescended testis?

Accepted Answer

Empty hemiscrotum

Answer

Prominent scrotal swelling

Answer

Enlarged epididymis

Answer

Unilateral hernia

Question 8

Which imaging modality is the initial choice for diagnosing suspected nephrolithiasis?

Accepted Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

Intravenous pyelogram

Answer

Non-contrast CT scan

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging

Question 9

In a newborn with ambiguous genitalia, what laboratory test is crucial for the initial assessment?

Accepted Answer

Karyotype analysis

Answer

Hormone level measurement

Answer

Urinalysis

Answer

Complete blood count

Question 10

Which physical examination maneuver is most useful in confirming the diagnosis of torsion of the spermatic cord?

Accepted Answer

Prehn's sign

Answer

Dartos reflex

Answer

Ipsilateral testicular swelling

Answer

Cremasteric reflex

Question 11

In a patient suspected of having acute pyelonephritis, which laboratory finding is most likely to be present?

Accepted Answer

Leukocytosis

Answer

Proteinuria

Answer

Hematuria

Answer

Hyponatremia

Question 12

Which ultrasonography finding is characteristic of hydronephrosis?

Accepted Answer

Dilated renal pelvis

Answer

Increased renal echogenicity

Answer

Thin renal parenchyma

Answer

Absent renal pyramids

Question 13

Which imaging study is commonly used to diagnose vesicoureteral reflux?

Accepted Answer

Voiding cystourethrogram

Answer

Intravenous pyelogram

Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of a urinary tract infection (UTI) in children?

Accepted Answer

Runny nose

Answer

Urinary urgency

Answer

Frequent urination

Answer

Nighttime urination

Question 15

What is the definitive test for diagnosing a UTI?

Accepted Answer

Urine culture

Answer

Urinalysis

Answer

Cystoscopy

Answer

Ultrasound

Question 16

Which imaging study is most commonly used to evaluate the upper urinary tract in children?

Accepted Answer

Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

Answer

Renal scan

Answer

Computed tomography (CT)

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 17

What is the implication of a positive bladder tap in evaluating voiding dysfunction in children?

Accepted Answer

Suggests bladder outlet obstruction

Answer

Excludes detrusor overactivity

Answer

Confirms vesicoureteral reflux

Answer

Is a normal finding in children older than 2 years

Question 18

What is the most common bacterial cause of acute pyelonephritis in children?

Accepted Answer

Escherichia coli

Answer

Staphylococcus aureus

Answer

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer

Proteus mirabilis

Question 19

In pediatric genitourinary assessment and monitoring, which ethical and cultural considerations are crucial?

Accepted Answer

Respecting patient privacy, autonomy, and informed consent

Accepted Answer

Understanding and accommodating cultural beliefs and practices

Accepted Answer

Considering the child's emotional well-being and minimizing discomfort

Answer

Ignoring ethical and cultural considerations to prioritize medical necessity

Question 20

In children, which of the following is the most common presenting symptom suggestive of a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

Accepted Answer

Frequent urination

Answer

Fever

Answer

Rash

Answer

Diarrhea

Question 21

When evaluating a newborn with ambiguous genitalia, what should be the initial step in the physical examination?

Accepted Answer

Inspect the labioscrotal folds

Answer

Obtain a karyotype

Answer

Perform a hormonal assay

Answer

Examine the gonads

Question 22

For evaluating the urinary tract for abnormalities, which imaging study is typically preferred as the initial investigation?

Accepted Answer

Renal and bladder ultrasound

Answer

Cystoscopy

Answer

Voiding cystourethrography

Question 23

During a physical examination, which of the following findings may indicate the presence of a renal mass?

Accepted Answer

Flank mass

Answer

Scrotal mass

Answer

Urethral discharge

Answer

Rash

Question 24

In children over the age of 5, what is the most common cause of urinary incontinence?

Accepted Answer

Overactive bladder

Answer

Ectopic ureter

Answer

Neurogenic bladder

Answer

Urethral stricture

Question 25

What is the recommended interval for follow-up in a child with a history of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)?

Accepted Answer

Every 6-12 months

Answer

Yearly

Answer

Only if symptomatic

Answer

Monthly

Question 26

For children with suspected UTI, what is the recommended frequency for urinalysis collection?

Accepted Answer

Twice within a 24-hour period

Answer

Only when symptoms are present

Answer

Every 6 hours for 12 hours

Answer

Once daily for 3 days

Question 27

During a physical examination, which finding is most suggestive of an undescended testicle?

Accepted Answer

An empty scrotal sac on one side

Answer

Bilaterally small testes

Answer

Scrotal swelling

Answer

An inguinal hernia

Question 28

For a child presenting with an acute hydrocele, which of the following is the most appropriate initial approach?

Accepted Answer

Observation and monitoring

Answer

Sclerotherapy

Answer

Immediate surgical intervention

Answer

Antibiotics

Question 29

Which clinical sign is considered a classic indicator of testicular torsion?

Accepted Answer

Prehn's sign (elevation of the affected testicle compared to the unaffected one)

Answer

Scrotal edema (swelling)

Answer

Hematuria (blood in the urine)

Question 30

In the management of a palpable epididymal cyst in children, which approach is generally recommended?

Accepted Answer

Observation and monitoring

Answer

Immediate surgical intervention

Answer

Aspiration (removal of fluid from the cyst)

Answer

Antibiotics

Question 31

A child presents with urinary frequency and urgency. Which physical examination finding is most suggestive of a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

Accepted Answer

Costovertebral angle tenderness

Answer

Normal external genitalia

Answer

Scrotal edema

Answer

Inguinal hernia

Question 32

In the initial evaluation of a child suspected of renal disease, which imaging study is typically used?

Accepted Answer

Renal ultrasound

Answer

Voiding cystourethrogram

Answer

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 33

When assessing a child for hypospadias, which clinical finding is a key indicator?

Accepted Answer

Urethral opening on the ventral side of the penis

Answer

Inguinal hernia

Answer

Phimosis

Answer

Scrotal swelling

Question 34

In a voiding cystourethrogram for a child with suspected urinary tract obstruction, which finding is most concerning?

Accepted Answer

Ureteral dilation

Answer

Smooth bladder wall

Answer

Post-void residual urine

Answer

Bladder trabeculation

Question 35

Which physical examination finding in a newborn male is indicative of hypospadias?

Accepted Answer

Urethral opening located on the ventral side of the penis

Answer

Redness and edema of the glans penis

Answer

Enlarged and palpable testes

Question 36

Interpret the following urinalysis results: Proteinuria 3+, Hematuria 2+, Glucose negative, Ketones negative.

Accepted Answer

Possible nephrotic syndrome

Answer

Urinary tract infection

Answer

Normal findings

Answer

Diabetes insipidus

Question 37

In a 10-year-old girl with recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), which underlying cause is most plausible?

Accepted Answer

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)

Answer

Neurogenic bladder

Answer

Interstitial cystitis

Answer

Overactive bladder

Question 38

During a physical examination of the external genitalia in a male child, which finding is concerning for possible sexual abuse?

Accepted Answer

Edema and bruising of the scrotum

Answer

Phymosis

Answer

Inguinal hernia

Answer

Meatal stenosis

Question 39

In a 2-month-old infant with a palpable mass in the inguinal area, which diagnosis is most probable?

Accepted Answer

Congenital inguinal hernia

Answer

Hydrocele

Answer

Cryptorchidism

Answer

Testicular torsion

Question 40

**Improved** In a child suspected of having a urinary tract infection (UTI), which is the most accurate method for assessing renal function?

Accepted Answer

**Accurate** Measurement of serum creatinine

Answer

**Plausible** Urine culture

Answer

**Plausible** Ultrasound

Answer

**Balanced** Urinalysis

Question 41

**Improved** A 10-year-old girl presents with recurrent urinary tract infections. Which of the following imaging studies is most appropriate for evaluating possible anatomical abnormalities?

Accepted Answer

**Accurate** Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

Answer

**Balanced** Renal ultrasound

Answer

**Plausible** MRI

Answer

**Balanced** CT scan

Question 42

**Improved** During a physical examination of a 2-month-old infant, a palpable, non-tender mass is found in the right scrotum that transilluminates. Which of the following is the most probable diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

**Accurate** Hydrocele

Answer

**Balanced** Inguinal hernia

Answer

**Balanced** Testicular torsion

Answer

**Distractor** Orchiopexy

Question 43

**Improved** A 6-year-old boy presents with enuresis, or bedwetting. Which of the following would be the most appropriate initial management approach?

Accepted Answer

**Accurate** Behavioral modification

Answer

**Plausible** Medications

Answer

**Distractor** Urodynamic studies

Answer

**Distractor** Surgery

Question 44

**Improved** A newborn infant is found to have ambiguous genitalia. Which of the following is the most crucial initial step in managing this condition?

Accepted Answer

**Accurate** Obtaining a comprehensive history and performing a thorough physical examination

Answer

**Distractor** Ordering hormonal studies

Answer

**Distractor** Performing karyotyping

Question 45

**Improved** You are examining a 4-year-old girl who reports experiencing dysuria and urinary frequency. Which finding on urinalysis would be most consistent with a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

Accepted Answer

**Accurate** Positive leukocyte esterase and positive nitrites

Answer

**Balanced** Glucose positive and ketones positive

Answer

**Balanced** Low specific gravity and high pH

Answer

**Balanced** Proteinuria and hematuria

Question 46

**Improved** A 5-year-old girl presents with recurring urinary tract infections (UTIs). Which is the most common cause of recurrent UTIs in girls?

Accepted Answer

**Accurate** Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)

Answer

**Plausible** Ureterocele

Answer

**Distractor** Urethral stricture

Answer

**Plausible** Urinary bladder stones

Question 47

**Improved** A 10-year-old boy presents with hematuria, or blood in his urine. Which of the following is the most frequent cause of hematuria in children?

Accepted Answer

**Accurate** Glomerulonephritis

Answer

**Plausible** Urinary tract infection

Answer

**Plausible** Trauma

Answer

**Balanced** Bladder cancer

Question 48

In a physical examination of an infant, what finding is the most accurate indicator of bladder distention?

Accepted Answer

Palpable suprapubic mass

Answer

Ascites

Answer

Full diaper

Answer

Bulging, erythematous umbilicus

Question 49

A 3-year-old boy presents with recurrent lower urinary tract infections (UTIs). Which imaging study is most appropriate to assess for underlying anatomical abnormalities that may be predisposing him to UTIs?

Accepted Answer

Voiding cystourethrogram

Answer

Abdominal ultrasound

Answer

Cystoscopy

Answer

Renal scan

Question 50

What is the recommended frequency for routine urinalysis screening in children with sickle cell disease?

Accepted Answer

Every 3 months

Answer

Every 6 months

Answer

Only when symptomatic

Answer

Annually

Question 51

Which urine dipstick finding is indicative of a possible urinary tract infection?

Accepted Answer

Nitrites

Answer

Protein

Answer

Ketones

Answer

Glucose

Question 52

Which of the following imaging modalities provides the most detailed evaluation of renal anatomy and function in children?

Accepted Answer

Renal ultrasound

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging

Answer

Intravenous pyelogram

Answer

Computed tomography

Question 53

What is the recommended treatment for a 4-year-old boy with suspected meatal stenosis causing difficulty urinating?

Accepted Answer

Meatotomy

Answer

Observation

Answer

Urethral dilation

Answer

Antibiotics