Diabetes Mellitus: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management for Nurses

Question 1

Pathophysiology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Which statement accurately describes the underlying mechanism of type 1 diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to insulin deficiency.

Answer

Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues impairs glucose uptake.

Answer

Defects in insulin secretion and action disrupt glucose metabolism.

Answer

Excessive glucagon production results in hyperglycemia.

Question 2

Clinical Manifestation of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

Which clinical manifestation is most characteristic of DKA?

Accepted Answer

Deep, rapid breathing (Kussmaul respirations)

Answer

Excessive thirst and urination

Answer

Blurred vision

Answer

Numbness and tingling in the hands and feet

Question 3

Pharmacological Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Which medication is an example of a GLP-1 receptor agonist used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Liraglutide

Answer

Metformin

Answer

Insulin glargine

Answer

Dapagliflozin

Question 4

Mechanism of Action of SGLT2 Inhibitors

What is the primary mechanism of action of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors?

Accepted Answer

Promoting glucose reabsorption in the kidneys

Answer

Inhibiting insulin secretion

Answer

Increasing insulin sensitivity

Answer

Reducing glucagon production

Question 5

Microvascular Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Which is the most common type of microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Retinopathy

Answer

Neuropathy

Answer

Nephropathy

Answer

Coronary artery disease

Question 6

Monitoring Glycemic Control

Which laboratory test is used to monitor glycemic control over the preceding 2-3 months?

Accepted Answer

Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)

Answer

Fasting plasma glucose

Answer

Random plasma glucose

Answer

Oral glucose tolerance test

Question 7

What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism responsible for insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Impaired insulin receptor binding

Answer

Defective insulin secretion

Answer

Reduced glucose uptake into skeletal muscle

Answer

Increased hepatic glucose production

Question 8

Which of the following laboratory tests is primarily used to confirm the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)

Answer

Fasting blood glucose

Answer

Oral glucose tolerance test

Answer

C-peptide level

Question 9

Which of the following is a potential complication of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus? Select the most serious one:

Accepted Answer

Cardiovascular disease (Heart and blood vessel disease)

Answer

Retinopathy (Eye damage)

Answer

Neuropathy (Nerve damage)

Answer

Nephropathy (Kidney damage)

Question 10

Gestational diabetes is defined as carbohydrate intolerance that first occurs or is recognized during pregnancy. True or False?

Accepted Answer

True

Answer

False

Question 11

Which of the following risk factors is NOT associated with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

High socioeconomic status

Answer

Obesity

Answer

Physical inactivity

Answer

Advanced age

Question 12

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends an HbA1c target of less than 7% for most adults with diabetes. True or False?

Accepted Answer

True

Answer

False

Question 13

Which of the following is a common clinical manifestation of diabetic retinopathy?

Accepted Answer

Blurred vision and floaters

Answer

Red, swollen gums

Answer

Dry, itchy skin

Answer

Hematuria

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a long-term cardiovascular complication of diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Neuropathy

Answer

Coronary artery disease

Answer

Stroke

Answer

Peripheral artery disease

Question 15

Which lifestyle change can aid in managing diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Quitting smoking

Answer

Consuming more alcohol

Answer

Remaining physically inactive

Answer

Maintaining an unhealthy diet

Question 16

What is the key benefit of using continuous glucose monitoring devices in diabetes management?

Accepted Answer

Real-time monitoring of blood glucose levels

Answer

Elimination of traditional blood glucose testing

Answer

Accurate prediction of future blood glucose levels

Answer

Exclusive benefit for individuals with type 1 diabetes

Question 17

Which elements are essential for effective patient education in diabetes management?

Accepted Answer

Educating patients on self-monitoring of blood glucose

Accepted Answer

Providing guidance on recognizing and managing hypoglycemia

Accepted Answer

Teaching patients to adjust insulin doses based on carbohydrate intake

Answer

Instructing patients on medication adherence only

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

High socioeconomic status

Answer

Obesity

Answer

Physical inactivity

Answer

Family history of diabetes

Question 19

Which of the following hormones is responsible for regulating blood glucose by increasing it?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Cortisol

Question 20

What is the primary mechanism by which insulin exerts its effects on target cells?

Accepted Answer

Translocation of glucose transporters to the cell membrane

Answer

Activation of protein kinases

Answer

Inhibition of protein phosphatases

Answer

Inhibition of glycogen synthesis

Question 21

What is the target hemoglobin A1c goal for most patients with diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Less than 6.5%

Answer

6.5% to 7%

Answer

7% to 8%

Answer

8% to 9%

Question 22

What is the most common adverse effect associated with metformin use?

Accepted Answer

Gastrointestinal upset

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Weight gain

Answer

Lactic acidosis

Question 23

Which of the following is a contraindication to the use of GLP-1 agonists?

Accepted Answer

History of gastroparesis

Answer

Chronic pancreatitis

Answer

Advanced liver disease

Answer

Moderate to severe renal impairment

Question 24

What is the primary nursing responsibility in the management of patients with diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Providing patient education and support

Answer

Monitoring blood glucose levels

Answer

Prescribing medications independently

Answer

Performing physical assessments exclusively

Question 25

The primary hormone responsible for regulating blood glucose levels is:

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Answer

Growth hormone

Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Somatostatin

Question 26

Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of diabetic ketoacidosis?

Accepted Answer

Rapid respirations

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Polyphagia

Answer

Polyuria

Question 27

Which of the following is a potential complication of chronic hyperglycemia?

Accepted Answer

Retinopathy

Answer

Hyperthyroidism

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Hyperkalemia

Question 28

The most common type of diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents is:

Accepted Answer

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Answer

Monogenic diabetes mellitus

Answer

Gestational diabetes mellitus

Answer

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Question 29

The primary nursing goal for patients with diabetes is to:

Accepted Answer

Promote health and prevent complications

Answer

Provide emotional support

Answer

Manage symptoms

Answer

Cure the disease

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Regular physical activity

Answer

Family history of diabetes

Answer

Gestational diabetes

Answer

Obesity

Question 31

The primary pathophysiological mechanism underlying type 1 diabetes mellitus is:

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells

Answer

Insulin resistance

Answer

Somatostatin excess

Answer

Glucagon deficiency

Question 32

Which of the following clinical manifestations is most commonly associated with diabetic ketoacidosis?

Accepted Answer

Kussmaul respirations

Answer

Hyperglycemia

Answer

Polyuria

Answer

Neurological deficits

Question 33

The first-line pharmacological treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus is:

Accepted Answer

Metformin

Answer

GLP-1 agonists

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Sulfonylureas

Question 34

The primary goal of dietary management in diabetes mellitus is to:

Accepted Answer

Maintain optimal blood glucose control

Answer

Improve lipid profile

Answer

Prevent cardiovascular complications

Answer

Reduce weight

Question 35

The most common type of diabetic retinopathy is:

Accepted Answer

Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Answer

Tractional retinal detachment

Answer

Diabetic macular edema

Answer

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Question 36

The primary nursing role in diabetes mellitus management is to:

Accepted Answer

Provide patient education and support

Answer

Monitor laboratory data

Answer

Prescribe medication

Answer

Perform physical examinations

Question 37

Which pathophysiological mechanism is the primary cause of hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune destruction of beta cells

Answer

Increased glucagon secretion

Answer

Impaired glucose uptake by cells

Answer

Insulin resistance

Question 38

Which of the following clinical manifestations is NOT commonly seen in patients with type 2 diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Ketone production

Answer

Polyuria

Answer

Polydipsia

Answer

Blurred vision

Question 39

Which of the following laboratory tests is used to diagnose diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test

Answer

Complete blood count

Answer

Urinalysis

Answer

Lipid panel

Question 40

Which of the following medications is a first-line treatment for type 1 diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Answer

Diuretics

Answer

Metformin

Answer

Statins

Question 41

Which of the following is a key nursing intervention for patients with diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Patient education and self-management support

Answer

Antibiotic therapy

Answer

Wound care

Answer

Intravenous fluid administration

Question 42

Which of the following complications is a common consequence of poorly controlled diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Neuropathy

Answer

Appendicitis

Answer

Myocardial infarction

Answer

Pneumonia

Question 43

Which of the following lifestyle modifications is recommended to prevent or manage diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Regular exercise

Answer

Excessive alcohol consumption

Answer

High-fat diet

Answer

Smoking

Question 44

Which of the following patient populations is at increased risk for developing gestational diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Obese women

Answer

Elderly patients with dementia

Answer

Children with asthma

Answer

Men with hypertension

Question 45

Which of the following drugs is used to treat diabetic macular edema?

Accepted Answer

Anti-VEGF agents

Answer

Antibiotics

Answer

Anticonvulsants

Answer

Antidepressants