Adverse Drug Reactions: Types, Mechanisms, and Management Strategies

Question 1

What is the primary mechanism of histamine's action in allergic reactions?

Accepted Answer

Vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

Answer

Bronchoconstriction and increased mucus production

Answer

Stimulation of the immune system

Answer

Activation of the complement cascade

Question 2

Which of the following medications is most commonly associated with anaphylaxis?

Accepted Answer

Penicillin

Answer

Ibuprofen

Answer

Acetaminophen

Answer

Aspirin

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a recognized type of adverse drug reaction (ADR)?

Accepted Answer

Synergistic reactions

Answer

Type A reactions

Answer

Type B reactions

Answer

Type C reactions

Question 4

Which mechanism of ADRs involves an immune response against the drug?

Accepted Answer

Allergic reactions

Answer

Direct injury

Answer

Enzymatic deficiency

Answer

Pharmacodynamic interaction

Question 5

Which route of drug administration is most likely to cause a systemic ADR?

Accepted Answer

Intravenous

Answer

Enteral

Answer

Intramuscular

Answer

Subcutaneous

Question 6

Which of the following factors does NOT increase the risk of ADRs?

Accepted Answer

Good general health

Answer

Advanced age

Answer

Polypharmacy

Answer

Impaired renal function

Question 7

Which statement best describes the relationship between side effects and ADRs?

Accepted Answer

All ADRs are side effects, but not all side effects are ADRs

Answer

ADRs are only severe side effects

Answer

Side effects are only mild, while ADRs are always serious

Answer

There is no difference between side effects and ADRs

Question 8

Which of the following drugs is known to have a high potential for causing ADRs?

Accepted Answer

Warfarin

Answer

Amoxicillin

Answer

Ibuprofen

Answer

Salbutamol

Question 9

What is the characteristic mechanism of Type A ADRs?

Accepted Answer

Dose-related toxicity

Answer

Immunological reactions

Answer

Idiosyncratic reactions

Answer

Teratogenicity

Question 10

What is a key strategy for preventing Type A ADRs?

Accepted Answer

Careful dose titration

Answer

Avoidance of drug interactions

Answer

Monitoring for allergic reactions

Answer

Administration of protective agents

Question 11

Identify the type of adverse drug reaction (ADR) that is predictable and related to the drug's dose.

Accepted Answer

Dose-dependent reaction

Answer

Idiosyncratic reaction

Answer

Immunologic reaction

Answer

Toxic reaction

Question 12

How does histamine contribute to the development of allergic drug reactions?

Accepted Answer

By binding to IgE antibodies on mast cells and basophils, triggering their degranulation

Answer

By directly stimulating sensory nerve endings

Answer

By inhibiting the production of prostaglandins

Answer

By activating the sympathetic nervous system

Question 13

Which is a significant risk factor for developing a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to a drug?

Accepted Answer

Previous exposure to the drug

Answer

Genetic predisposition

Answer

Immunosuppression

Answer

Age over 65

Question 14

Which of the following is a known potential adverse effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?

Accepted Answer

Gastrointestinal bleeding

Answer

Liver damage

Answer

Heart failure

Answer

Pneumonia

Question 15

Which characteristic is associated with idiosyncratic ADRs?

Accepted Answer

Unpredictable and unrelated to dose

Answer

Develops only after repeated exposure

Answer

Mediated by an IgE-dependent mechanism

Answer

Commonly associated with antibiotics

Question 16

What is the primary purpose of the Naranjo Probability Scale?

Accepted Answer

To determine the likelihood that an ADR is caused by a specific drug

Answer

To assess the severity of an ADR

Answer

To identify the mechanism of an ADR

Answer

To predict the risk of developing an ADR

Question 17

What is the nurse's primary goal in educating patients about ADRs?

Accepted Answer

To empower patients to recognize and report potential ADRs

Answer

To provide a complete list of all possible ADRs

Answer

To instruct patients to discontinue the drug if any ADRs occur

Answer

To reassure patients that ADRs are rare and unlikely

Question 18

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of idiosyncratic ADRs?

Accepted Answer

Occur only in specific individuals

Answer

Predictable based on drug dose

Answer

Have a known mechanism of action

Answer

Are always severe

Question 19

According to the law, which of the following is a responsibility of healthcare providers regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs)?

Accepted Answer

Reporting all suspected ADRs to the appropriate authorities

Answer

Not reporting suspected ADRs to the appropriate authorities

Answer

Informing patients about potential ADRs

Answer

Being held legally liable for all ADRs

Question 20

What is the most common mechanism of ADRs?

Accepted Answer

Drug-receptor interaction

Answer

Enzyme induction

Answer

Immune-mediated reaction

Answer

Genetic predisposition

Question 21

What is the difference between a side effect and an ADR?

Accepted Answer

A side effect is any unintended effect of a drug, while an ADR is a harmful or unpleasant side effect.

Answer

An ADR is any unintended effect of a drug, while a side effect is a harmful or unpleasant ADR.

Answer

A side effect is a predictable effect of a drug, while an ADR is an unpredictable effect.

Answer

An ADR is a predictable effect of a drug, while a side effect is an unpredictable effect.

Question 22

What is the most important step in managing an ADR?

Accepted Answer

Identifying the ADR

Answer

Reporting the ADR

Answer

Discontinuing the drug

Answer

Treating the ADR

Question 23

What is the most common mechanism of allergic ADRs?

Accepted Answer

Direct mast cell degranulation

Answer

Inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes

Answer

Alteration of protein synthesis

Answer

Mitochondrial toxicity

Question 24

What is the significance of a high risk score on the Naranjo scale?

Accepted Answer

Indicates a probable ADR

Answer

Suggests a possible ADR

Answer

Excludes the possibility of an ADR

Answer

Requires further investigation

Question 25

Which of the following drugs is known to cause a hypersensitivity pneumonitis-like ADR?

Accepted Answer

Amiodarone

Answer

Metformin

Answer

Nitrofurantoin

Answer

Warfarin

Question 26

What is the most important action to take if an allergic ADR is suspected?

Accepted Answer

Stop the drug immediately and notify the prescriber

Answer

Increase the dose of the drug

Answer

Monitor the patient closely

Answer

Administer an antidote

Question 27

What is the most common mechanism of Type A ADRs?

Accepted Answer

Excessive pharmacodynamic response

Answer

Altered drug metabolism

Answer

Immunological reaction

Answer

Genetic predisposition

Question 28

What is the primary goal of Pharmacovigilance?

Accepted Answer

To monitor, assess, and prevent ADRs

Answer

To develop new medications

Answer

To educate patients about medications

Answer

To ensure medication adherence

Question 29

Which of the following is an example of an ADR that can be life-threatening?

Accepted Answer

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

Answer

Nausea and vomiting

Answer

Diarrhea

Answer

Skin rash

Question 30

What is the first step in managing suspected ADRs in nursing practice?

Accepted Answer

Document the ADR and notify the healthcare provider

Answer

Discontinue the medication

Answer

Educate the patient

Answer

Monitor the patient for worsening symptoms

Question 31

Which mechanism of ADR involves changes in drug distribution or excretion?

Accepted Answer

Pharmacokinetic

Answer

Pharmacodynamic

Answer

Immunologic

Answer

Genetic

Question 32

What is the nurse's primary responsibility in ADR prevention?

Accepted Answer

Patient education and medication monitoring

Answer

Administration of medications

Answer

Collaboration with physicians only

Answer

Documentation of ADRs

Question 33

The first step in managing an ADR is to:

Accepted Answer

Identify and discontinue the causative agent

Answer

Administer symptomatic treatment

Answer

Refer to a specialist

Answer

Document the event

Question 34

What is the primary mechanism of Type A ADRs?

Accepted Answer

Dose-dependent toxicity

Answer

Immune-mediated reactions

Answer

Genetic predisposition

Answer

Drug-drug interactions

Question 35

Which of the following is a major risk factor for developing idiosyncratic ADRs (Type B)?

Accepted Answer

Genetic variations

Answer

Advanced age

Answer

Low body weight

Answer

Multiple drug use

Question 36

Which of the following is a common symptom of anaphylaxis, a severe allergic ADR?

Accepted Answer

Wheezing

Answer

Dizziness

Answer

Nausea

Answer

Seizures

Question 37

What is the primary goal of farmacoepidemiological studies in ADR research?

Accepted Answer

To determine ADR incidence rates

Answer

To identify new ADRs

Answer

To establish causality

Answer

To evaluate risk factors

Question 38

What is the significance of Naranjo's algorithm in ADR assessment?

Accepted Answer

It helps determine causality between drug exposure and adverse events

Answer

It provides a standardized method for reporting ADRs

Answer

It identifies potential ADRs based on patient characteristics

Answer

It predicts the severity of ADRs

Question 39

Which of the following drugs is **known** to cause idiosyncratic reactions?

Accepted Answer

Penicillin

Answer

Acetaminophen

Answer

Warfarin

Answer

Metformin

Question 40

A patient experiences an unexpected and severe allergic reaction to a medication. Which type of ADR is this **most likely** to be?

Accepted Answer

Type D ADR

Answer

Type A ADR

Answer

Type B ADR

Answer

Type C ADR

Question 41

Which of the following is **NOT** a crucial step in managing ADRs in nursing practice?

Accepted Answer

Ignoring patient concerns about potential ADRs

Answer

Identifying early signs and symptoms

Answer

Providing patient education and support

Answer

Adjusting drug dosage or discontinuing use when necessary

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT a type of adverse drug reaction (ADR)?

Accepted Answer

Type D: Genetic predisposition

Answer

Type A: Exaggerated pharmacological effects

Answer

Type B: Immunological reactions

Answer

Type C: Metabolic abnormalities

Question 43

Which of the following mechanisms is involved in Type A ADRs?

Accepted Answer

Exaggerated pharmacological effects

Answer

Immunological reactions

Answer

Genetic predisposition

Answer

Drug metabolism alterations

Question 44

Which of the following strategies is most effective in preventing Type B ADRs?

Accepted Answer

Careful patient assessment and risk stratification

Answer

Dosage adjustment

Answer

Drug monitoring

Answer

Extensive patient education

Question 45

What is the primary purpose of the Naranjo's ADR Probability Scale?

Accepted Answer

To determine the likelihood of a causal relationship between a drug and an ADR

Answer

To assess the severity of an ADR

Answer

To guide therapeutic decision-making

Answer

To predict future ADRs

Question 46

What is the primary treatment for an anaphylactic reaction?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Saline infusion

Answer

Corticosteroids

Answer

Antihistamines

Question 47

Which of the following is a characteristic of Type B adverse drug reactions (ADRs)?

Accepted Answer

Have a delayed onset (hours to days)

Answer

Develop rapidly after drug administration

Answer

Are predictable and dose-related

Answer

Are typically mild and self-resolving

Question 48

What is the term used to describe an ADR that is caused by an excessive pharmacological effect of the drug?

Accepted Answer

Type A ADR

Answer

Type B ADR

Answer

Augmentation reaction

Answer

Idiosyncratic reaction

Question 49

What is the primary responsibility of a nurse in managing ADRs?

Accepted Answer

Recognizing and reporting ADRs

Answer

Adjusting drug dosages

Answer

Prescribing alternative medications

Answer

Providing patient education

Question 50

What is the first step in the management of an ADR?

Accepted Answer

Discontinuing the suspected drug

Answer

Treating the symptoms of the ADR

Answer

Referring the patient to a specialist

Answer

Documenting the ADR

Question 51

What is the term used to describe an ADR that occurs when a drug interacts with another substance, such as food or alcohol?

Accepted Answer

Drug-food interaction

Answer

Drug-drug interaction

Answer

Pharmacokinetic interaction

Answer

Pharmacodynamic interaction