Hematological Pathophysiology: Master Blood Disorders for Nursing

Question 1

Which of the following is a hemoglobinopathy rather than an anemia?

Accepted Answer

Sickle cell disease

Answer

Iron-deficiency anemia

Answer

Megaloblastic anemia

Answer

Aplastic anemia

Question 2

Sickle cell disease results from abnormally shaped red blood cells. What is the underlying molecular cause of this abnormality?

Accepted Answer

Defective production of globin chains

Answer

Excessive production of heme

Answer

Inadequate vitamin B12 absorption

Answer

Autoimmune destruction of red blood cells

Question 3

Which of the following is not a type of anemia?

Accepted Answer

Leukemia

Answer

Iron-deficiency anemia

Answer

Aplastic anemia

Answer

Sickle cell anemia

Question 4

Which abnormality of red blood cells is a characteristic of sickle cell disease?

Accepted Answer

Elongated and sickle-shaped red blood cells

Answer

Increased hemoglobin A2 production

Answer

Increased bilirubin levels

Answer

Normal hemoglobin electrophoresis

Question 5

Which protein component of red blood cells is defective in sickle cell disease?

Accepted Answer

Hemoglobin

Answer

Transferrin

Answer

Fibrinogen

Answer

Albumin

Question 6

Which characteristic feature is associated with sickle cell disease?

Accepted Answer

Sickling of red blood cells in low oxygen conditions

Answer

Increased production of hemoglobin S

Answer

Elevated levels of fetal hemoglobin

Answer

Absence of the spleen

Question 7

Which of the following is not a type of leukemia?

Accepted Answer

Multiple myeloma

Answer

Acute lymphoid leukemia

Answer

Chronic myeloid leukemia

Answer

Acute myeloid leukemia

Question 8

Which pathophysiological feature is characteristic of sickle cell disease?

Accepted Answer

Increased fragility and sickling of red blood cells

Answer

Decreased production of white blood cells

Answer

Increased platelet count

Answer

Normal hemoglobin electrophoresis

Question 9

Which of the following is a major risk factor for developing sickle cell disease?

Accepted Answer

Family history of the disease

Accepted Answer

African descent

Answer

Exposure to lead

Answer

Living in a humid tropical climate

Question 10

In iron deficiency anemia, which laboratory finding is most indicative of the condition?

Accepted Answer

Reduced serum ferritin

Answer

Elevated serum iron

Answer

Elevated serum ferritin

Answer

Elevated total iron binding capacity

Question 11

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of sickle cell disease?

Accepted Answer

Chronic hemolytic anemia

Answer

Increased production of hemoglobin A

Answer

Normal hemoglobin electrophoresis

Answer

Absence of splenomegaly

Question 12

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of sickle cell disease?

Accepted Answer

Elevated production of hemoglobin S

Answer

Reduced production of hemoglobin A

Answer

Normal production of hemoglobin F

Answer

Increased production of hemoglobin C

Question 13

What is a defining characteristic of sickle cell disease?

Accepted Answer

Abnormal hemoglobin structure

Answer

Elevated production of red blood cells

Answer

Increased production of white blood cells

Answer

Normal lifespan of red blood cells

Question 14

Which of the following is a significant risk factor for developing thalassemia?

Accepted Answer

Mediterranean or Southeast Asian ancestry

Answer

Family history of sickle cell disease

Answer

Exposure to high levels of toxins

Answer

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Question 15

Which type of lymphoma is Burkitt lymphoma?

Accepted Answer

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (Burkitt lymphoma)

Answer

Hodgkin lymphoma

Answer

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Answer

Multiple myeloma

Question 16

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of thalassemia?

Accepted Answer

Deficient or absent globin chain synthesis

Answer

Excessive red blood cell destruction

Answer

Abnormal red blood cell shape

Question 17

What is a primary function of hemoglobin in the bloodstream?

Accepted Answer

Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide

Answer

Regulates blood volume

Answer

Fights pathogens

Answer

Stores iron

Question 18

In adults, what is the normal range for hemoglobin levels?

Accepted Answer

12.0-16.0 g/dL

Answer

8.0-10.0 g/dL

Answer

18.0-22.0 g/dL

Answer

6.0-8.0 g/dL

Question 19

Globally, what is the most common cause of anemia, leading to reduced hemoglobin and hematocrit levels?

Accepted Answer

Iron deficiency

Answer

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Answer

Folate deficiency

Answer

Aplastic anemia

Question 20

Which of the following is the primary characteristic of sickle cell disease?

Accepted Answer

Abnormal hemoglobin

Answer

Elevated red blood cell count

Answer

Typical white blood cell function

Question 21

In sickle cell disease, which mechanism is the primary cause of the characteristic pain episodes?

Accepted Answer

Vaso-occlusion due to abnormal red blood cell shape

Answer

Increased release of inflammatory cytokines

Answer

Hemolysis of red blood cells

Answer

Excessive platelet activation and thrombosis

Question 22

Multiple myeloma is a neoplastic plasma cell disorder characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow. What is a hallmark feature of multiple myeloma?

Accepted Answer

Osteolytic bone lesions

Answer

Increased production of polyclonal antibodies

Answer

Enlarged lymph nodes

Answer

Thrombocytosis

Question 23

Distinguish between leukemia and multiple myeloma. Which statement accurately describes their differences?

Accepted Answer

Leukemia affects myeloid or lymphoid cells, while multiple myeloma involves plasma cells.

Answer

Both leukemia and multiple myeloma exclusively involve myeloid cells.

Answer

Leukemia and multiple myeloma primarily impact red blood cell production.

Answer

Multiple myeloma is a type of leukemia characterized by excessive myeloid cell production.

Question 24

Which condition is a primary cause of thrombocytopenia, characterized by a decrease in platelet count?

Accepted Answer

Immune thrombocytopenia

Answer

Iron deficiency anemia

Answer

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Answer

Aplastic anemia

Question 25

Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of a sickle cell crisis?

Accepted Answer

Sickle-shaped red blood cells obstruct blood flow in small vessels, causing tissue hypoxia and pain.

Answer

Enlarged spleen traps red blood cells, leading to severe anemia.

Answer

Insufficient red blood cell production by the bone marrow causes profound anemia.

Answer

Autoimmune destruction of red blood cells by white blood cells results in hemolysis.

Question 26

Thrombocytopenia, a condition characterized by low platelet count, can lead to various complications. Which of the following is a common complication associated with thrombocytopenia?

Accepted Answer

Delayed wound healing

Answer

Increased risk of blood clots

Answer

Elevated white blood cell count

Answer

Enlarged spleen

Question 27

In the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation, which factor initiates the cascade?

Accepted Answer

Factor XII

Answer

Factor VII

Answer

Factor VIII

Answer

Factor X

Question 28

Which pathophysiological feature uniquely characterizes sickle cell disease compared to other hemoglobinopathies?

Accepted Answer

Impaired tissue oxygenation due to inflexible and sickle-shaped red blood cells

Answer

Elevated production of hemoglobin S

Answer

Typical lifespan of red blood cells

Question 29

In acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), which immature blood cells proliferate uncontrollably?

Accepted Answer

Lymphoblasts

Answer

Red blood cells

Answer

Myeloblasts

Answer

Platelets

Question 30

Which type of hemoglobin is typically abnormal in individuals with sickle cell disease?

Accepted Answer

Hemoglobin S

Answer

Hemoglobin A

Answer

Hemoglobin C

Answer

Hemoglobin F

Question 31

In sickle cell disease, which mechanism is primarily responsible for the development of anemia?

Accepted Answer

Destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis)

Answer

Impaired hemoglobin synthesis

Answer

Excessive blood loss

Answer

Deficient iron absorption

Question 32

What is a key characteristic of sickle cell disease?

Accepted Answer

Abnormal shape of red blood cells

Answer

Excessive production of red blood cells

Answer

Increased white blood cell count

Answer

Decreased platelet count

Question 33

In sickle cell disease, which mechanism is the main cause of anemia?

Accepted Answer

Increased destruction of red blood cells

Answer

Reduced production of red blood cells

Question 34

What is a defining characteristic of sickle cell disease?

Accepted Answer

Polymerization of hemoglobin S in low-oxygen conditions

Answer

Elevated production of hemoglobin F

Answer

Elevated red blood cell count

Answer

Typical life expectancy

Question 35

A patient presents with fatigue, pallor, and shortness of breath. Their blood work shows low hemoglobin, hematocrit, and an MCV of 85 fL. What's the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Iron deficiency anemia

Answer

Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia

Answer

Aplastic anemia

Answer

Sickle cell anemia

Question 36

In the context of anemia, which of the following laboratory findings is primarily indicative of iron deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Low serum iron levels

Answer

High ferritin levels

Answer

Elevated red blood cell count

Answer

Normal hemoglobin levels

Question 37

For adult patients diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), which treatment approach is primarily employed?

Accepted Answer

Chemotherapy regimens involving corticosteroids, vincristine, and L-asparaginase

Answer

Radiation therapy as the sole treatment

Answer

Targeted therapies using tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Answer

Stem cell transplant as the initial treatment

Question 38

How does genetic testing enhance the management of hematological diseases?

Accepted Answer

Genetic testing guides personalized treatment plans for hematological diseases based on individual genetic profiles.

Answer

Genetic testing cannot predict the severity or progression of hematological diseases.

Answer

Genetic testing can only predict the severity of hematological diseases, not their progression.

Answer

Genetic testing is solely used for diagnosing hematological diseases.

Question 39

In hematological malignancies, what is the definition of minimal residual disease (MRD)?

Accepted Answer

MRD is detectable disease using sensitive molecular techniques, despite complete remission by conventional methods.

Answer

MRD measures the total tumor burden in a cancer patient.

Answer

MRD always indicates a poor prognosis for hematological malignancy patients.

Answer

MRD monitoring is not helpful in guiding treatment decisions for hematological malignancy patients.

Question 40

What is the primary function of platelets?

Accepted Answer

Preventing blood loss

Answer

Oxygen transport

Answer

Fighting infection

Answer

Regulating body temperature

Question 41

Which of the following tests is used to determine the number of red blood cells in a blood sample?

Accepted Answer

Complete blood count (CBC)

Answer

Urinalysis

Answer

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Answer

Chest X-ray

Question 42

What is the primary underlying cause of sickle cell anemia?

Accepted Answer

Abnormal shape of red blood cells

Answer

Increased production of hemoglobin

Answer

Decreased number of platelets

Answer

Inflammation of bone marrow

Question 43

How does interdisciplinary collaboration contribute to the effective management of hematological malignancies?

Accepted Answer

It facilitates coordinated care and decision-making among healthcare professionals.

Answer

It encourages independent decision-making by individual healthcare professionals.

Answer

It primarily aims to reduce healthcare costs.

Answer

It enhances communication solely between healthcare professionals and patients.

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT considered a type of anemia?

Accepted Answer

Polycythemia vera

Answer

Iron deficiency anemia

Answer

Aplastic anemia

Answer

Sickle cell anemia

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)?

Accepted Answer

Normal platelet count

Answer

Elevated immature myeloid cells in the bone marrow

Answer

Hepatosplenomegaly

Answer

Presence of the Philadelphia chromosome

Question 46

Which clinical manifestation is characteristic of sickle cell anemia?

Accepted Answer

Painful episodes due to vaso-occlusion

Answer

Elevated red blood cell count

Answer

Normal hemoglobin levels

Answer

Absence of splenomegaly

Question 47

In sickle cell disease, which mechanism primarily causes anemia?

Accepted Answer

Hemolysis of red blood cells

Answer

Increased white blood cell production

Answer

Decreased red blood cell production

Answer

Elevated bone marrow fibrosis

Question 48

The primary cause of hemolytic transfusion reactions is:

Accepted Answer

ABO incompatibility

Answer

Rh incompatibility

Answer

Minor blood group incompatibility

Answer

Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction

Question 49

The primary function of platelets is:

Accepted Answer

Clot formation

Answer

Vasoconstriction

Answer

Gas exchange

Answer

Immune surveillance

Question 50

The hallmark of iron-deficiency anemia is:

Accepted Answer

Microcytic hypochromic red blood cells

Answer

Normochromic normocytic red blood cells

Answer

Macrocytic megaloblastic red blood cells

Answer

Increased reticulocyte count

Question 51

The primary role of erythropoietin is to:

Accepted Answer

Stimulate red blood cell production

Answer

Inhibit red blood cell production

Answer

Promote white blood cell differentiation

Answer

Increase platelet count

Question 52

The most common cause of polycythemia vera is:

Accepted Answer

JAK2 mutation

Answer

BCR-ABL translocation

Answer

Philadelphia chromosome

Answer

Trisomy 21

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sickle cell anemia?

Accepted Answer

Polycythemia

Answer

Abnormal hemoglobin structure

Answer

Increased RBC fragility

Answer

Hypertension

Question 54

Which of the following coagulation factors is activated first in the intrinsic pathway?

Accepted Answer

Factor XII

Answer

Factor VII

Answer

Factor X

Answer

Factor II

Question 55

Which of the following disorders is characterized by excessive fibrin deposition?

Accepted Answer

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Answer

Deep vein thrombosis

Answer

Thrombocytopenia

Answer

Hemophilia

Question 56

Which of the following mechanisms is NOT involved in the pathogenesis of anemia?

Accepted Answer

Increased absorption of iron

Answer

Reduced production of red blood cells

Answer

Increased destruction of red blood cells

Answer

Blood loss

Question 57

What is the underlying cause of sickle cell anemia?

Accepted Answer

A genetic mutation in the beta-globin gene

Answer

A deficiency in vitamin B12

Answer

An infection with malaria

Answer

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Question 58

What is the most common cause of thrombocytopenia?

Accepted Answer

Immune thrombocytopenia

Answer

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Answer

Aplastic anemia

Answer

Hepatitis C infection

Question 59

Which laboratory test is specifically used to measure the number of reticulocytes in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Reticulocyte count

Answer

Complete blood count

Answer

Bone marrow aspiration

Answer

Flow cytometry

Question 60

What is the primary function of macrophages in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis and antigen presentation

Answer

Antibody production

Answer

Complement activation

Answer

Regulation of T cells

Question 61

Which disorder is characterized by a shortage of platelets?

Accepted Answer

Thrombocytopenia

Answer

Hemophilia

Answer

Sickle cell anemia

Answer

Von Willebrand disease

Question 62

In sickle cell disease, which specific amino acid substitution in hemoglobin leads to the characteristic sickle shape of red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Valine for glutamine at position 6 of the beta-globin chain

Answer

Glutamine for valine at position 6 of the beta-globin chain

Answer

Deletion of the alpha-globin gene

Answer

Increased production of fetal hemoglobin

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT a valid indication for blood transfusion in clinical practice?

Accepted Answer

Chronic kidney disease with elevated creatinine levels

Answer

Severe blood loss from trauma

Answer

Symptomatic anemia with low hemoglobin levels

Answer

Low platelet count due to thrombocytopenia

Question 64

What is the primary molecular basis of inherited bleeding disorders?

Accepted Answer

Reduced production or impaired function of clotting factors

Answer

Increased activity of anticoagulant proteins

Answer

Mutations in genes encoding red blood cell membrane proteins

Answer

Defects in platelet production or function